Chapter 17 Foreign Policy and National Defense

Section 1: Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy President Interacts with foreign officials as chief diplomat Responsible for military actions as commander in chief Responsible for making and conducting foreign policy Appoints Secretary of State and ambassadors May handle foreign policy matters directly, but often relies heavily on the Secretary of State

Leads the State Department Advises POTUS on foreign Policy Secretary of State Leads the State Department Advises POTUS on foreign Policy Under Bush (43): Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice Under Obama: Hillary Clinton and John Kerry HC to stop her from running against him for 2nd term State Department Carries out foreign policy Bureaus organized geographically and functionally Foreign service members represent U.S. abroad Ambassadors stationed at capital of each recognized country Ambassadors also represent U.S. to the UN, NATO, and international conferences

Section 2: National Security Protecting National Security Secretary of Defense POTUS’s chief advisor on defense policy Leads Defense Department Joint Chiefs of Staff Military advisors to Secretary of Defense, POTUS, and National Security Council Military Departments Department of the Army Military Operations on land Defends the US if attacked Protects American interests abroad Department of the Navy Defends the nation through sea warfare Marine Corps Provides support to Navy and Air Force operations Carries out land operations to reinforce naval campaigns Department of the Air Force Protects the US from enemy air, ground, or sea forces Provides support for land and sea operations

Director of National Intelligence POTUS’s chief advisor on national security Directs and supervises intelligence agencies Gathers intelligence and dispenses it as necessary Department of Homeland Security Protests US against terrorism Conducts border and transportation security Protects national infrastructure Prepares for and responds to national emergencies Defends the nation against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear attack

Section 3: American Foreign Policy Overview 1789—Policy of isolationism begins 1796—Washington declares isolationist policy in Farewell Address 1899—Open Door Policy declared 1900s—US becomes involved in Latin America through the Roosevelt Corollary 1917—US enters WWI 1918—US returns to isolationist policy 1930s—US endeavors to ease tensions with Latin America with Good Neighbor Policy 1941—US isolationist policy ends with the Pearl Harbor attack and entry into WWII

1945—US confirms acceptance of internationalism policy by joining the United Nations (UN) 1947—Truman Doctrine begins as do the policies of deterrence and containment 1948—US provides foreign aid during Berlin Blockade 1950—Korean War begins as US attempt to contain communism 1965—US commits to war in Vietnam in attempt to contain communism 1972—Efforts toward détente begin when Nixon visits China and Soviet Union; signs SALT I compact *Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Tehran; Kitchen Sink

Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances Economic and military aid to other countries (less than 1% of federal budget in 2009ish) Most aid to nations critical to US policy goals Most aid must be spent on US products (essentially a US subsidy) United States Agency for International Development (USID) administers most economic aid

Mutual defense treaties in different regions Security Alliances Mutual defense treaties in different regions NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)—defend Europe and North America Peacekeeping in the Balkans, Afghanistan, Darfur Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact)—defend the Americas ANZUS Pact with Australia and New Zealand—ensures collective security in Pacific region Japanese Pact—1951; peace treaty and defense treaty Philippines Pact—1951; defense treaty US withdrew military in 1992 Korean Pact with South Korea—1953; pledges US aid if attack occurs

US and all other members have 1 vote in General Assembly United Nations US and all other members have 1 vote in General Assembly 10 nonpermanent members; two-year terms Security Council—main responsibility for international peace 5 permanent members that have veto power US, Britain, France, Russia and China US funds over 20% of UN operating budget for work that includes peacekeeping Promoting development in poorer nations Protecting health, environment, and human rights But…what is “human rights”?? Partnering with NGOs