SE Asia and Indian Ocean 1500-1750 Chapter 19th Mr Pack

Chapter 19 Gunpowder Empires “ Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires” Common traits: Islamic Spoke Turkic languages From nomadic turkic backgrounds Found power in void leftover from broken Mongol khanates Armies had artillery and cannons (gunpowder)

Chapter 19th Tamerlane- conquest from Samarakand into Persia (Iran) and India, protected silk road Shi’ite Islam- descendants of Ali true rulers, heirs are called imams, 12th descendant disappear (hidden imam) The Ottoman Empire- (1300s-1918) founded by Osman Dynasty. Mehmed II- “The Conquerer”- conquers Constantinople in 1453 (end of Byzantine Empire).

Chapt 19 Constantinople changed to Istanbul - Nexus of trade, Bospourus Strait, Tokapi Palace. Extends lands, improves navy to attack Italy (Venice pays annual tax to avoid invasion) Staff military and government by system of devshirme. Christian boys subjects of Empire forced to convert to Islam and taught skills (politics, and military). Janissaries- elite force troops

Chapt 19 Suleiman I (ruled 1520-1566)- during peak of Empire, expanded into Europe, N. Africa (Tripoli) reformed legal system (nicknamed “the lawgiver”)nearly conquered Holy Roman Empire (Siege of Vienna) retreated because of winter Economy- gold and slaves from N. African coast, silk and spices, tiles, pottery and rugs Taxed peasants- much corruption from tax collectors, burden of taxes leads to decline

Suleiman the Magnificent

Chapt 19 Trade agreements with France- toleration of Christians and Jewish merchants (paid tax) New crops sold for profit- tobacco, cotton, coffee Social class- warrior aristocracy, competes with ulama for positions of power Viziers- strong advisors who influence sultans

Famous Vizier Jafar

Chapter 19 Wives and concubines reside in Harem- compete for their children to become heir to throne Barbary Pirates- captures European slaves, ransomed or sold to high ranking officials or “impressed” into navy service (estimated 1 million) Decline- Spain/Venetians defeat Ottoman at naval Battle of Lepanto (1571). Weak sultans decline empire “Sick Man of Europe”

Chapt 19 Continuity- Arts, culture, economy Changes- Constantinople became Istanbul, majority of city population began practicing Islam instead of Christianity. Emperor replaced by sultan, Shariah Law replaces Code of Justinian

Chapt 19 Safavid Empire- located on Arabian sea (but had no Navy, lacked natural defenses) Shah Ismail- conquered most of Persia by 1501 even though only 14 or 15 years old, embraced Shia Islam (Not Sunni) Shah Abbas I- Greatest ruler (height of Empire 1587-1629) imported European weaponry, forced conscription (military service)

Shah Abbas I (the Great)

Chapt 19 Ishafan made new capital, beautified city with parks, mosques, schools Captured control of the Strait of Hormuz in 1622 (strenghtens trade) Sunni rebellion (modern day Afghanistan) Afghan proclaims leader Mamud as new “Shah of Persia” leads to less tax collection and chaos allowing Ottoman and Russian Empires to seize territories leading to decline of Empire

Safavid Empire

Chapt 19 Mughals- Babur (descendent of Tamerlane) founds dynasty in 1520’s Akbar (rules 1556-1605) Extends empire, capital Delhi establishes efficient government and fair laws. Zamindars- paid government officials in charge of certain duties (construction, taxation, etc.)

Chapt 19 Eventually Zamindars given land instead of payment- permitted to keep portion of tax collected leads to corruption. Zamindars than build personal armies with money. Akbar tolerant of religions- land grants to religions (including Sikhism founded by Nanuk the guru) Married Hindu wives to keep peace between Hindu and Islam, gave Hindus positions in government- no poll tax for Hindus tried to outlaw child marriage and practice of sati (widows jumping in fire with dead husband) Created new“divine faith”- but few converted

Akbar, Mughal

Chapt 19 Shah Jahan (1627-1658) built Taj Mahal Son Aurangzeb (1658-1707) inherits corrupt Empire, expands empire but empties treasury. Peasant revolts when he tries to end Hindu influence in Empire (example music banned) Decline of gunpowder empires- weak corrupt leadership, pressure from British trading companies, harem politics, lag behind in military/navy technology, and religious differences

Taj Mahal