(A to C) Fecal short-chain fatty acid levels (based on dry weights) in the offspring exposed to vehicle and BPA. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n =

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(A to C) Fecal short-chain fatty acid levels (based on dry weights) in the offspring exposed to vehicle and BPA. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 8). *, significant difference from control at P ≤ 0.05; #, significant trend in comparisons between control and BPA at P ≤ 0.1. (A to C) Fecal short-chain fatty acid levels (based on dry weights) in the offspring exposed to vehicle and BPA. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 8). *, significant difference from control at P ≤ 0.05; #, significant trend in comparisons between control and BPA at P ≤ 0.1. (D) Cell permeability analysis using apical to basolateral flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) in Caco-2 cells exposed for 24 h to vehicle [control (-)] or dextran sodium sulfate (DSS; 2%) or BPA (100 nM) with or without propionic acid (PA) or butyric acid (BA) and acetic acid (AA). Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 4) of results from duplicate experiments. *, significant difference from the negative control at P < 0.05. Lavanya Reddivari et al. mSystems 2017; doi:10.1128/mSystems.00093-17