Long-term results with vagus nerve stimulation in children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy  Andreas V. Alexopoulos, Prakash Kotagal, Tobias Loddenkemper, Jeffrey Hammel, William E. Bingaman  Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy  Volume 15, Issue 7, Pages 491-503 (October 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2006.06.002 Copyright © 2006 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Median percent decrease in seizures from baseline with 95% confidence interval. Longitudinal plot showing the median percent decrease in seizures at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months as compared to pre-implantation baseline with 95% confidence intervals (declining number analysis). The continuous black line shows the trend for reduction in seizure-frequency in this series of pediatric patients (irrespective of age at the time of VNS implantation). The gray lines correspond to the two different age groups of patients: adolescent children (continuous gray line for patients 12–18 years of age) and preadolescent children (dashed gray line for children younger than 12 years of age at the time of VNS implantation). Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2006 15, 491-503DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2006.06.002) Copyright © 2006 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Median percent decrease in seizures from baseline—observed vs. LOCF. Bar graph showing median percent decrease in seizures at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months as compared to pre-implantation baseline. Black bars depict values obtained based on the “declining number” analysis (and correspond to the continuous black line, see Fig. 1). Gray bars illustrate the results of the “last observation carried forward” (LOCF) analysis (see text). Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2006 15, 491-503DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2006.06.002) Copyright © 2006 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions