Cord blood cytokines are modulated by maternal farming activities and consumption of farm dairy products during pregnancy: The PASTURE Study Petra Ina.

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Cord blood cytokines are modulated by maternal farming activities and consumption of farm dairy products during pregnancy: The PASTURE Study Petra Ina Pfefferle, PhD, DrPH, Gisela Büchele, MPH, Nicole Blümer, PhD, Marjut Roponen, PhD, Markus Johannes Ege, MD, MPH, Susanne Krauss-Etschmann, MD, Jon Genuneit, Anne Hyvärinen, PhD, Maija-Riitta Hirvonen, PhD, Roger Lauener, MD, Juha Pekkanen, MD, Josef Riedler, MD, Jean Charles Dalphin, MD, PhD, Bert Brunekeef, PhD, Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer, MD, Erika von Mutius, MD, MSc, Harald Renz, MD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 125, Issue 1, Pages 108-115.e3 (January 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.019 Copyright © 2010 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Recruitment of study population. ∗The study centers in Austria, Finland, Germany and Switzerland contributed to the cytokine measurements. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010 125, 108-115.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.019) Copyright © 2010 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Prevalence and distribution of cytokines above detection limit. A, Austria; C, Switzerland; G, Germany; S, Finland. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010 125, 108-115.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.019) Copyright © 2010 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Effect of farming exposure and consumption of dairy products on cytokine levels. Number of farm species—per animal species. Unskimmed milk—yes vs no. Farm butter—consumption of butter made from farm milk (at least once a week). Farm yogurt—consumption of yogurt made from farm milk (at least once a week). Hours spent in barn—per 5 hours. #Geometric means ratios (GMRs) were calculated by EXP(ß1) in Tobit regression models adjusting for center and farming status. The relevant farm exposure variables were then identified by backward selection in the mutually adjusted Tobit regression models and are shown with 95% CIs.∗P ≤ .1, ∗∗P ≤ .05, ∗∗∗P ≤ .001. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010 125, 108-115.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.019) Copyright © 2010 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions