The Immediate Event that Led to War … * Could this have been prevented? Gavrilo Princip June 28, 1914 – assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

M.A.I.N. * Militarism * Alliances * Imperialism * Nationalism - Build-up military strength leads to rivalries … ** Alliance System - Two major alliances dominated Europe Imperialism - Competition for colonies ** Nationalism - Devotion to the nation or one’s common ethnic group

The Balkans Present-day Slavic people are classified Into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and And South Slavic (chiefly Bosnians, Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Montenegrins, and Slovenes).

Consequences of Treaty of Versailles (1) Completely changes the map of Europe

Consequences of Treaty of Versailles

Consequences of Treaty of Versailles (2) Completely changes the map of Middle East, Mandate System

Consequences of Treaty of Versailles (3) Severe punishment of Germany: including, war guilt clause & war reparations "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments …” (4) Allied Powers take over German colonies

Reading Chapter 14, Section One (pages 568 – 572), answering … (1) Why were many countries disappointed after WWI? (2) What is totalitarianism, and what does it look like? (3) Why is totalitarianism more extreme than a single dictatorship? (4) Propaganda is used to … (describe this) (5) A “cult of personality” was encouraged about Stalin (also Mussolini and Hitler), describe this … (6) Appeal of fascism was … (7) What do the photographs on pages 570 & 571 tell us about the totalitarian dictators? (8) What undermined Germany’s government, the Weimar Republic?

Strong Institutions Needed to Protect Democracy … Freedom of the press & speech Separation of powers amongst branches of government & civilian control of military Independent legal and police institutions Respect for political opposition & minority views Free, fair, and transparent elections

Characteristics of Totalitarianism? ** Popular book on New Times and Amazon best sellers list.

Totalitarianism Government leaders can act indiscriminately Individuals have limited civil rights and opposition is suppressed. The government is more important than the individual.

Political Ideologies Communism Fascism Big Government Liberal NSDAP KPD Catholic Center Party - Morality issues German National Peoples’ Party Liberal Conservative SPD – Social Democratic Party - Voting reforms - Worker’s rights Libertarian - Avoid warfare Tea Party Movement / Libertarian - Low taxes Small Government Anarchist

Developing a “cult of personality?” Reflections from photographs from textbook on pages 570 & 571.

Fascism in Italy Describe fascism.

Fascism “All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” Benito Mussolini This is a political system / philosophy that stresses: Nation more important than individual (Strong govt.) National security at the expense of individual freedom Supports capitalism and private property A dictator is needed. Often allies w/ religious factions

Italy & Benito Mussolini Founder of fascism Dreamed of an empire & reliving past glories March on Rome 22 – 29 Oct. of 1922

Communism “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need” Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto Political system advocating one-party rule, anti-democratic Anti-nationalistic, “Workers of the World, Unite” Strict control over civil rights & anti-religious Religion is the “Opiate of the masses,” according to Karl Marx Extreme socialism, utilizing “collectives” or “communes” there is no private property. Technically, a “command economy”

How was democracy undermined in Germany and Japan?

Socialism An economic system characterized by some government ownership of land, goods, or resources. Remove sectors of the economy away from the capitalist system Socialism can exist alongside capitalism and democracy Not necessarily anti-religious

(1) What does the cartoon below discuss? Heading … “Remember … One More Lollypop, and Then You All Go Home?”

Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler ** What do each of these quotes mean? Quote One: “The stronger must dominate the weaker and not blend with the weaker, thus sacrificing his own greatness. … All great cultures of the past perished only because the originally creative race died out from blood poisoning.”

Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler ** What do each of these quotes mean? Quote Two: “With every means [the Jew] tries to subjugate. … Culturally, he contaminates art, literature, the theater, makes a mockery of natural feeling, overthrows all concepts of beauty and sublimity, of the noble and the good, and instead drags men down …”

Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler ** What is Hitler referring to in this quote below? Quote Three: “The defeats of the battlefield in August 1918 would have been child’s play to bear. They stood in no proportions to the victories of our people. It was not [the defeats] which caused our downfall; no, it was brought about by that Power [Jews and Marxists] which prepared these defeats by systematically over many decades robbing our people of the political and moral instincts and forces…”

Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler Hitler’s Ideology In Mein Kampf (1923), major points … [1] – Uniting all German-speaking people [2] – Racial purification and a master “Aryan” race   [3] – Germany needs “lebensraum” or living space for national expansion

Aryan supremacy was one goal Aryan supremacy was one goal. Lebensraum “living room” or “living space” the other.

Causes that Supported Failure of “Weimar Republic (1918-1933)” and Rise of Hitler Economic Instability and hyperinflation

Economic Instability The Weimar Republic has a difficult time paying the war loan, so it prints more money, too much money. The German “Mark” and the Dollar, 1914 – 1923 Date Exchange rate, $1 = ___ Marks July, 1914 4.2 marks January, 1919 8.9 January, 1920 64.8 July, 1921 76.7 January, 1922 493.2 January, 1923 17,972.0 August, 1923 4,620,455.0 September, 1923 98,860,000.0 November, 1923 4,200,000,000,000.0 marks

How does Hitler become Dictator of Germany? * January of 1933, Hitler is named Chancellor * Feb. 27, 1933, burning of the Reichstag, legislative building * Enabling Act of 1933, Hitler becomes dictator

Germany Responds Economically to the Depression… 1933 – Germany begins the “Autobahn” 1933 – Germany pulls out of League of Nations

What a greedy Jew looks like… [from “The Poison Mushroom” required reading in elementary schools under Nazi authority] 1930’s Children’s Book "The Jew is our greatest enemy! Beware of the Jew!"

The Beginning of German Aggression ** What was Hitler’s purpose in occupying the Rhineland? 1935 – Hitler continues build-up of army 1936 – Militarization of the Rhineland

Unemployment Rates The German Recovery: Large-scale borrowing for public expenditures Railroads, canals, & the Autobahnen Large-scale wage controls ** For both U.S. & Germany, industrial production dropped 50% from 1929 to 1933

Why Did European Leaders Not Take a More Aggressive Stand Against Hitler? - First, avoid a repeat of WWI - Second, some of Hitler’s demands were reasonable - Third, assumption Nazis wanted peace - Fourth, many leaders feared Communist U.S.S.R. more

Germany Enters Austria

The Anschluss Austria: Austrian prime minister agrees to referendum. March 12, 1938, Germany troops enter Austria before referendum vote. Then, in April, a referendum occurs.

Sudetenland Crisis - By 1938, there are 3 million Germans living in this region in Czechoslovakia. - Hitler claims mistreatment by Czechs.

Munich Conference & Agreement Appeasement – signed September 30, 1938, Hitler gets Sudetenland and France & Great Britain get desired peace. - Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister “Peace in our time”

Germany Enters Sudetenland

The Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia Sept. 30, 1938, agreement leads to the immediate occupation March 15, 1939, German troops take the rest of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia:

Alliances Leading to WWII Anti-Comintern Pact Rome-Berlin Axis Response to Spanish Civil War (1936-’39) Tripartite Pact Axis Powers

Reading Chapter 14, Section Seven, answering … (1) Describe Nuremberg Laws … (2) Summarize anti-Semitic campaign … (3) Describe Kristallnacht … (4) Why were Jewish refugees not welcomed into other countries? (5) Describe the St. Louis ocean liner affair … (6) Purpose initially of concentration camps ... (7) What is discussed at the 1942 Wannsee Conference? (8) When did the Allied nations learn of Nazi atrocities and what was the response?