East Africa Preview Section 1: Natural Environments World Geography Today 1/13/2019 East Africa Preview Section 1: Natural Environments Section 2: History and Culture Section 3: The Region Today Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter 23

Section 1: Natural Environments World Geography Today 1/13/2019 Section 1: Natural Environments Read to Discover What landforms, rivers, and lakes are found in East Africa, and what physical processes have shaped the land? Why does East Africa have a variety of climates and biomes, and on what natural resources does the region depend? Chapter 23

Section 1: Natural Environments Question What landforms, rivers, and lakes are found in East Africa?

Section 1: Natural Environments Lakes • Lake Victoria • Lake Albert • Lake Tanganyika • Lake Turkana • Lake Malawi Rivers Landforms • Blue Nile (flows from Ethiopian highlands) • White Nile (flows from Lake Victoria) • Nile (combined flows of Blue Nile and White Nile) • Western and Eastern Rift Valleys (tectonic) • Kilimanjaro (volcanic) • Ethiopian highlands (volcanic) • Sudd (water from White Nile)

Section 1: Natural Environments Climates, Biomes, and Resources Latitude and elevation influence climate along the equator; highland elevations produce cooler climates, more rainfall, and thicker forests. Farther north and south, seasonal droughts are common; vegetation is limited and animal life threatened. Tsetse fly permits survival of native animal species by making livestock raising difficult. Resources are limited (some oil, gems, gold); most important are rich highland soils (for farming) and scenic beauty (for tourism).

Section 2: History and Culture Read to Discover What were some important developments in East Africa’s early history? How did European exploration and colonization affect the region? What are the peoples and cultures of East Africa like today?

Section 2: History and Culture Question Who are the important peoples in East Africa’s early history?

Section 2: History and Culture Early History of East Africa • Controlled much of the Nile • Capital at Meroë, world’s largest cluster of pyramids Kush • Conquered the Kush by 350 • Controlled western Arabia • Adopted Christianity Aksum • Sailed along coast, established ports for trade • Swahili language developed from trade Arabs Earliest Peoples • No written histories • Oral tradition

Section 2: History and Culture European Influence 1500s—First Portuguese trading ports established Mid-1800s—Explorers, missionaries, and traders moved inland Late 1800s—Europeans grabbed colonies, drew arbitrary borders Colonial rule—Export economies (plantations, mines); building of modern cities Independence—Leaders of new nations were often European-educated

Section 2: History and Culture Peoples and Cultures Several hundred ethnic groups Three language families—Nilotic, Cushitic, Bantu Arabic and South Asian peoples on the coast Importance of religion and family—Animist faiths, Christianity, Islam Foods—Boiled sorghum, sour milk, roast beef and lamb, Western foods, injera bread

Section 3: The Region Today Read to Discover What roles do agriculture, industry, trade, and tourism play in the economies of East Africa? What are the region’s cities like? What issues and challenges do East Africans face?

Section 3: The Region Today East African Economies Farming (usually small-scale subsistence)—Beans, corn, rice, sorghum, wheat, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, tea, cloves, coconuts Herding—Cattle, goats, sheep Gathering wild plant products—Coffee beans and gum arabic Raw material exports Manufacturing—basic consumer goods, foods, and building materials Tourism—Great potential; animals, scenery, events draw tourists; provides jobs and market for arts and crafts; need to reduce political violence and preserve the environment

Section 3: The Region Today Question What are the region’s largest cities?

Section 3: The Region Today City Description Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Largest city and capital of Ethiopia, headquarters of regional organizations Nairobi, Kenya Region’s most important commercial center Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Vital seaport, transportation hub Khartoum and Omdurman, Sudan Largest cities in Sudan, face each other across Nile

Section 3: The Region Today Issues and Challenges Population growth—Contributes to many problems Ethnic conflicts—Often over land and access to aid and jobs Building stable governments Promoting economic progress Protecting the environment Providing for health and education

Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas 1. How does elevation affect climate in East Africa? 2. What are two ways that Arab traders influenced East African languages and religion? 3. How have other cultures changed the traditional religions and diet of East Africa? 4. What activities form the basis of the region’s economy? 5. Why does tourism hold great economic potential for the region?