Read through your comments. Sharpeville Massacre Sunday, 13 January 2019 Learning Objectives: To describe the formation of the PAC. To assess the significance f the Sharpeville Massacre. To create an 8 mark answer. Keywords Umkhonto we sizwe Do Now Read through your comments.

What is the difference? ANC PAC We are here today to discuss our freedom and our Africa, which the white man gained from us by bribery. It is high time that we should shake ourselves up and free ourselves from the white people. We do not want to be ruled by other nations any longer, three hundred and seven years in which the white man kept us as slaves are enough. We want to govern ourselves here in Africa because Africa is for Africans... God created all black and white people and gave each and every nation a country to live in and rule over it. We, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: "that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people; that our people have been robbed of their birthright to land, liberty and peace by a form of government founded on injustice and inequality

Development of the PAC Africa for Africans Presence of non-Africans Against civil rights for all-Freedom Charter Led by Leballo and Sobukwe

Divisions- Help or Hindrance? They wanted more confrontational direct action. ANC claims that the government helped the PAC to organise. Founding conference read telegrams of support from Nkrumah and Toure. PAC conference widely reported in the press.

Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959 We regard it as the sacred duty of every African state to strive ceaselessly and energetically for the creation of a United States of Africa, stretching from Cape to Cairo, Morocco to Madagascar. The days of small, independent countries are gone. Today we have, on the one hand, great powerful countries of the world; America and Russia cover huge tracts of land territorially and number hundreds of millions in population. Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959

Sharepville Massacre, 1960 The event was a massacre. White police fired on an unarmed black crowd, killing more than 60 people and wounding at least 140. Doctors carrying out the post-mortems reported that 70 per cent of the dead had been shot in the back.

Aims of protest In 1960 black organisations called for a protest against the pass laws. On 21 March, which was to be Anti-Pass Day, blacks were encouraged to: Stay away from work Leave their passbooks at home Go to their local police station to be arrested.

Key questions What evidence does Roger Clark give to challenge the self-defence claim? Roger Clark refers to 300 police reinforcements arriving. Quote a statement from W J De Kock that seems to challenge this figure. What evidence does Bishop Reeves use to challenge the claim that there were 20,000 people in the crowd? Why would government sources want the world to think that the crowd was a large one? How do the South African ambassador and The Times differ on what led to the firing by the white police?

Consequences of Sharepville Until 1960, the ANC arranged non-violent mass action against South Africa’s government. However, this changed in 1960 after the massacre at Sharpeville. Two things happened: The leaders of the ANC and PAC realised the government was willing to use violence against non-violent protests. Unlawful Organisations Act (1960)

What do we expect to happen? Who can deny that thirty years of my life have been spent knocking in vain, patiently, moderately and modestly at a closed and barred door? What have been the fruits of my many years of moderation? . . . the past thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws restricting our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all Luthali, speaking in 1961 on collecting of the Nobel Prize

What do we expect to happen? Years of non-violence had brought the African people nothing but more and more repressive legislation, and fewer and fewer rights . . . The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices - submit or That time has now come to South Africa Nelson mandela

Changes in Resistance MK ANC PAC Spear of the Nation

How is this source useful to a historian enquiring into the events of the Sharpeville Massacre?

How to… answer 8 mark questions Can you use your own knowledge to support inferences made? Have you considered how authoritative and representative the source material is? Have you considered the extent to which it tells us about the question focus?

NOP+ 8 Marks: How useful? *Representative or authoritative SI – what does it tell us? P – why was it written? OK – How do you know this to be true? NOP* - How useful is it based on its provenance? NOP+ *Representative or authoritative

Utility of sources. Content + Provenance + Provenance – Get them starting to think about content and provenance. Consider what we would need to look into tomorrow? For example, what was the response of the government?