Let’s Review 1350-1400 – Renaissance begins in Florence, Italy 1492 – Columbus finds New World 1500s – Europeans explore Americas 1517 – Martin Luther starts Protestant Reformation with his “95 Theses” 1607 – England est. Jamestown colony in Virginia 1619 – First African slaves arrive in Virginia

Review cont. 1620 – Mayflower ship lands in Massachusetts (Pilgrims) 1653 – Carolina colony established 1732 – 13 English colonies March, 1770 – Boston Massacre Dec., 1773 – Boston Tea Party April 18, 1775 – American Revolution begins at Lexington & Concord July 4, 1776 – Dec. of Independence

Review cont. 1783 – American defeats British, Treaty of Paris ends war 1787 – US Constitution established 1789 – George Washington becomes first President of the United States

New Nation, New Lands During the colonial period, settlers moved west Stopped by the Appalachian Mtns However, “Pioneers” changed this…

Daniel Boone American frontiersman 1775, Followed Wilderness Trail thru Cumberland Gap into Kentucky Over 200,000 pioneers followed this route and settled along Ohio River video

Daniel Boone Trail, 1775

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 French territory from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains President Thomas Jefferson purchased for $15 million video

Lewis & Clark 1804, led exploration of Louisiana Territory Followed Missouri River, climbed Rocky Mountains, followed Columbia River to Pacific Ocean Findings helped attract frontiersmen to the West (fur trade) video

Sacagawea Native American woman Helped Lewis & Clark as a translator Made journey with infant strapped to her back!

Manifest Destiny Abundant land Missions Gold Trade Westward Expansion Why? Manifest Destiny Abundant land Missions Gold Trade

Manifest Destiny: Belief that it was America’s God given right to expand west to the Pacific This painting (circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress is a representation of Manifest Destiny. Here Columbia, a personification of the United States, leads civilization westward with American settlers, stringing telegraph wire as she travels and carrying a school book. The different economic activities of the pioneers are highlighted and, especially, the changing forms of transportation. The Native Americans and wild animals flee.

Santa Fe Trail 1821, pioneered by William Becknell Connected Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico About 800 miles through Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico Became major trade route video

Oregon Trail 1811-1840, established by traders and fur trappers Over 2000 miles, crosses Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho and Oregon Free land and missionary work led most people here Traveled until 1884 (railroads) video

Conestoga Wagon/Prairie Schooner Travel by Conestoga Wagons or Prairie Schooners supplies for one adult: 150lbs of flour, 20 cornmeal, 50 bacon, 40 sugar, 10 coffee, 15 dried fruit, 5 salt, 2 tea, 5 rice, 15 beans Guns for hunting fresh game and protection were also necessary.

“Fifty-four Forty or Fight” 1844 Presidential Election: Henry Clay vs. James K. Polk Polk victory – Manifest Destiny! Vowed to acquire Oregon Territory from Britain Britain and the U.S. agreed upon the border at the 49th parallel after realizing the land north of it was unsuitable.

Expansion into Texas 1820s, Mexico encouraged farmers to settle in their northern territory by offering Land Grants (provided a buffer from Native attacks) American settlers had to promise to obey Mexican law and observe the official religion-Catholicism They soon outnumbered the Mexican population and lived as naturalized citizens Several attempts were made to gain Texas John Q Adams offered to buy Texas for $1 million Andrew Jackson offered $5 million Mexico began to question its open borders to Americans

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Angered by settlers not following religious custom and the abolition of slavery, he closed the borders Not effective, could not police the borders and population continued to grow with American settlers 1835, settlers attacked Mexican soldiers – start of Texas Revolution Santa Anna marched to San Antonio with an army to stop the rebellion among white settlers

Stephen Austin Steps to Texas Independence Began to challenge Antonia Lopez de Santa Anna by calling for self government in Texas Organized settlers and asked them to prepare for an attack by Santa Anna 1836, Texans attacked and forced Santa Anna’s army from the Alamo, an old mission fort Mexicans struck back and slaughtered nearly all Americans held up at the Alamo, killing 187 video Most successful at encouraging American settlement into Texas

Sam Houston at San Jacinto Attacked Santa Anna’s troops who had previously won, but with heavy losses “Remember the Alamo!” Killed 630 and took 730 prisoner, including Santa Anna Under duress, Santa Anna gave up Sam Houston became the first president of the Republic of Texas

Lone Star Republic

Texas Annexation V. South North for annexation, extension of slavery North Feared more power to slave holding states & Feared war with Mexico V. Annexation In 1844 James K. Polk , prominent slave holder, was elected President. On Dec. 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state.

War draws near Dispute over border between Texas and Mexico Texas claims the Rio Grande as the border Mexico claims the Nueces River

Polk the “politician” urges war Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to try and purchase California and New Mexico and solidify the border at the Rio Grande Mexico refused to acknowledge the offer 1846, Zachary Taylor marched troops to the Rio Grande hoping to entice the Mexicans to a fight and unite the country in a war It worked, Mexico attacked sending troops across the Rio Grande Video

Stephen Kearney marches to California, only to gain New Mexico without a fight = fight

Bear Flag Republic- California American settlers encouraged independence there just as they had in Texas before the U.S. troops arrived to defeat the Mexican opposition, James P Fremont had declared the nation the Republic of California Mexican troops quickly gave up

American invasion of Mexico Victory after victory due to superior leadership Lee Grant Taylor Scott

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 Rio Grande becomes official border between U.S. and Mexico New Mexico and California are ceded to the U.S. for $15 million (California, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah) Mexicans living in these areas were given freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections and open borders

GOLD RUSH 1848, gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in the California Sierra Nevada Mountains

Gold Fever Overland migration to California skyrocketed 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850 “forty-niners” Not just White Americans; Free Blacks, Asians, South Americans, and Europeans came Video

Impact of the GOLD RUSH HUGE POPULATION INCREASE THROUGHOUT CALIFORNIA DIVERSE GROUP OF SETTLERS FEW BECAME WEALTHY FROM GOLD THOSE PROVIDING BASIC NECESSITIES TO PANNERS MADE $$$ LED TO A HUGE DEBATE IN CONGRESS OVER EVENTUAL STATEHOOD (SLAVERY)