Governance, Local Government A Conceptual Framework PIA 2528 Governance, Local Government and Civil Society Civil Society: A Conceptual Framework

Governance More South African Satire

Post-Industrial Social and Economic Patterns

Governance, an Overview of Issues Basic Terms: The Environment of Development (Review) Governance Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown Local Government Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures Civil Society Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs or for profit sector)

Discussion Themes Governance Local Governance Civil Society Which Theme is most important?

Review- Discussion of Themes Democratic Governance and Institutional State Rule of Law Transparency Security Competitive Elections and Political Parties

Discussion of Themes, Continued Devolved Local Government Institutional Processes Interest articulation and aggregation (Competition Civil Society- Mediation and Social Capital

The Development Model: Civil Society Local Governance and Civil Society Grass Roots Decentralization Diagram

Hamilton, Madison and Jay

Madison, Hamilton and Jay and Civil Society Federalist Papers Fear of Populism Minority rights Shifting majorities The problem with majorities Tyranny Factions

Tyranny?

Social Mediation

Polyarchy: The Conceptual Framework Competitive Pluralism Diverse interest associations of society compete with each other over policy issues Basis of Economic and Political Competition Social vs. Economic Liberalism

Social vs. Economic Liberalism? The Difference?

Polyarchy: Six Principles-Summary Interest Group Liberalism Solve problem of zero-sum game Civil Society as organizational not individual or the mass. The need for apathy Institutional structures: Checks and balances Constitutional vs. social stability

Civil Society: The Base Point Civil Society- Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests Base point- Governance vs. interests (negative and positive) Relationship to Private sector

A Positive Image

Review: Civil Society The Nature of the Beast: Non-Profits Not for Profits Private Voluntary Organizations Community Based Organizations Civics

Nature of the Beast-Continued Foundations Associations Interest Groups Quangos

Philanthropy?

Nature of the Beast The University of Pittsburgh is a Non-Profit “They are not always small”

Five Caveats: Civil Society Groups Usually excludes “for profits”- issue of contractors Both International and Local Internationals are not universally loved Very often internationals are religious or charity based Focus has been primarily on relief rather than development or civil society goals Often serve as Contractors?

Civil Society and Corruption

The Problem: Our Quote of the Week George Orwell, Burmese Days "Why is it you are always abusing the pukka sahibs as you call them. They are the salt of the earth. Consider the great administrators who have made British India what it is.” The Issue: History, Empire and Civil Society Colonial Burma and Civil Society in Myanmar Authoritarian Legacies and Governance (Lack of Civil Society Groups)

1923 Burma Provincial Police Training School, Mandalay (Eric Blair standing third from the left)

Save the Victims of the Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar (2008)- Non-Profit Coordination Opened Up League for Democracy and Aung San Suu Kyi Rohingya Muslims Which is the Real Burma?

Types of “Development” NGOs 1. Philanthropy 2. Humanitarian Assistance War, Drought, Agricultural Failure (WWI) Relief and Welfare Societies- Disaster- 3. Populist based development agencies (national)

German Missionaries in Southwest Africa, 1910 (now Namibia)- Faith Based

“Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe”

Types of “Development” NGOs 4. Grassroots associations (local or village based): Focus on Rural Development 5. Advocacy groups: Democracy and Governance 6. Public Service Contractors and Grantees 7. INCLUDES FOR PROFITS

ARD-Associates in Rural Development and MSI- Management Systems International (For Profits)

International NGOs- Weaknesses 1. Lack of local legitimacy 2. Donor driven 3. Inefficiency 4. Amateurism- leadership and continuity problems 5. Staffing problems

Amateurism?

International NGOs- Weaknesses 6. Self-serving- own objectives: Faith Based 7. Fixation on projects- Problems of replication 8. Lack of perceived accountability 9. Learning problems/lack of institutional memory

Thousand Points of Light George Bush, appearing with victim’s rights advocate Doris Tate at a ceremony in which Tate was named as one of the thousand points of light.

International NGOs- Weaknesses 10. Tensions with government institutions- Politically threatening 11. Ties with existing local elites 12. Inability of humanitarian organizations to transfer to new development orientation

Politically Threatening NGOs Kenya, 2008- 2009

Contracts

Nature of Contracts Legally Binding: NOT GRANTS Mutual Consent Sufficiency met Force Majeure Quantifiable Deliverables

Structural Adjustment, 1983-2012 Financial Conditionalities to Restructure Debt (Currency Markets) Public Sector Reform Privatization and Non-Profit development management “Popular Capitalism” VIDEO

Contractors

And Foreign Aid?

The Twenty-First Century Paradigm ??? VIDEO The Twenty-First Century Paradigm ???

And now for a Bit of Advertising ASA Social Fund for Hidden Children

Types of Democracy and Civil Society Representation Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism) Diverse interest associations cooperate with each other and with organs of the state to make policy Scandinavian Social Corporatism Model for Public-Private Partnerships?

Nyhavn Tourist Area: Copenhagen Denmark- A Corporate Public Private Partnership

Public-Private Partnerships U.S. Parallel: Western Pennsylvania Conservancy

Public-Private Partnerships Non-Profits Number in W. PA in tens of thousands and deliver up to two-thirds of the social services of the County in several different sectors

Understanding the Public Sector of Allegheny County Allegheny County is made up of 130 townships and boroughs. Each of these has its own public manager and council. The city of Pittsburgh is part of this mix of local government. Several Thousand non-profits Operating Budget for the County for 2003 is $654 million. This budget provides for such services as: Children and Youth Services Jail/County Police Port Authority District attorney coroner

Demographics of Allegheny County Total population 1,281,666 84% White 12% African American 1.7% Asian 1% Hispanic 1/10 of 1% Native American 18% 65+ 6% under 5 years old

Financial Links: Public- Private

Public Private Partnerships: The International Context Defined: Partnerships (formal or informal) between: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community Based Organizations (CBOs), Governments, (National, Local) Donors (International and Private), AND Private- Business Sector.

Public Private Partnerships Origins- Use in International Development   a. International Donors- Way of Dealing with Umbrella Grants and implementation of development policies b. Accepting donor money means accepting donor principles

Public Private Partnerships a. Comes out of Structural Adjustment and Policy Reform (re. LDCs)   b. Seen by some as an alternative to Contracting Out- Others as part of it c. Critics see it as detrimental to a market approach to economic change d. Others see it as “Left Wing” Privatization

The Latest Phase?

Public Private Partnerships: Characteristics Targeted at the expansion of Social Capital and Synergy in the promotion of Economic and Social Development Seeks a holistic or Integrated Approach to Economic and Social Development from a Civil Society Perspective Involves informal processes, cultural sensitivities as well as legal norms and contracting principles.

Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) Supporting Factors in the International Context:   1. Democratic Governance- private sector and NGOs seen as legitimate actors; transparency, accountability and responsiveness   2. Rational Government- Merit Principles, anti-corruption environment, acceptance of non-state actors as service deliverers. Contracting Out

Public Private Partnerships- Factors Factors that Support PPPs    3. Decentralization- Subsidiarity: Governance devolved to the lowest levels capable of implementation and contracting out 4. Legal Frameworks- Acceptance of Contractual Agreement as the basic organizational relationship

Public Private Partnerships-Factors 5. Institutional Norms, Organizational Capacity and regularized principles of inter-organizational interaction. Requires high levels of capacity building   6. Requires Social and Economic Stability 7. Organizational flexibility across all sectors

Example of Foreign Aid Links

Example of Foreign Aid Links

USAID Cooperative Agreement AEG-A-00-05-00007-00- Political Parties Project and Governance Group

Public Private Partnerships- Factors 8. Social and Institutional Pluralism- win-win rather than zero sum game across social, ethnic, religious and racial groups   9. Social Networks exist at Grass roots, and intermediate as well as higher levels of government-See diagram below 10. Allows for Flat Management Systems

Discussion From the Church of the Little Flower Royal Oak, Michigan

Discussion of Reading: One Levitsky and Ziblatt, Chapter Two 1. What is “Dystopian Literature”? 2. What is the theme of Chapter Two? 3. Does the U.S. need “gatekeepers?” 4. Could America become Authoritarian?

Discussion: Two Dahl, Chapter 2 1. What is wrong with Populism? With an absolute majority 2. Is the U.S. a democracy? Denmark France and U.K.? 3. What are the ethical issues related to governance? Is some form of minority veto needed?

Discussion: Three: Zakaria, Chapter Two Central Europe: “The Reds and the Blacks.” Symbols of What? What was the difference between Germany and Britain? Was Europe almost Democratic? Explain. Is Poverty Anti-Democratic? Why or Why not? Is Earned Money Different? Is state expansion undemocratic? What is China’s test, according to Zakaria? Central Europe: “The Reds and the Blacks.” Symbols of What? What was the difference between Germany and Britain? Was Europe almost Democratic? Explain. Is Poverty Anti-Democratic? Why or Why not? Is Earned Money Different? Is state expansion undemocratic? What is China’s test, according to Zakaria?

Discussion Four Duodu, “The Tax Dodger” What is the image you get from this Story? What was the first ”crime” and how was it justified. What is a “Poll Tax?” What is its Purpose? What is the role of Taxes in LDCs?

Discussion Five Dixon, Chapter 3 1. Why is Imperial literature important? What is Dixon’s message? What is the message about being different given to children? Is Dixon’s essay relevant for Americans?

Discussion Questions, Comments?