CITATION, REFERENCING & ACADEMIC ETHICS What it is? Why it is? How it is?

WHAT IS REFERENCE OR CITATION A way of giving credit for someone's thinking, writing or research You mark the material when you use it (a citation) and give the full identification at the end (a reference) To demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work To enable other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information Show depth, breadth & quality of your reading!

Your Research Your thesis is expected to be original research – you need to find a niche But your work doesn’t happen in isolation! In many subjects you will need a literature review as one of your key chapters You can BUILD on previous work – but it must be properly acknowledged. Your thesis is expected to be original research – you need to find a niche, a topic no one has looked at, or no one has looked at recently, or no one has looked at from your perspective. But your work doesn’t happen in isolation! You have to read widely. You have to build on previous research, you have to have a bibliography! In many subjects you will need a literature review as one of your key chapters this is why we’ve been spending so much time helping you find literature – so you can BUILD on their work – but it must be properly acknowledged. You’re putting your ideas into context-using the literature review to find those gaps/niches. Use your findings to see what XY and Z think and then state your opinion. Literature review vs systematic review – A systematic review is a literature review focused on a single question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to that question. Systematic reviews of high-quality randomized controlled trials are crucial to evidence-based medicine.[1] An understanding of systematic reviews and how to implement them in practice is becoming mandatory for all professionals involved in the delivery of health care.

WHEN TO CITE? Direct quotes Statistics/Studies Theories Facts Interpretations Paraphrases

CITATION ? REFERENCE? BIBLIOGRAPHY? Indication (signal) in the text that this (material) is not ours; we have “borrowed” it (as a direct quote, paraphrase or summary) from someone or somewhere else. The citation in the text can be: • in the form of an introductory phrase, or • at the end of the statement, or • indicated by a superscript or bracketed number that leads to a similarly numbered footnote or endnote. Every citation should be given a full reference that enables the reader to locate the exact source used

CITATION ? REFERENCE? BIBLIOGRAPHY? A reference gives full details of the source cited in the work; the parts or elements of the reference should be noted in a consistent order. Use of a recognized style guide will help ensure consistency, and will also ensure that all required elements are included. Every reference should be given a citation in the text. If we have looked at a source but not mentioned or cited it in the text, then we do not include it as a reference.

CITATION ? REFERENCE? BIBLIOGRAPHY? List of references at the end of the work. This is usually a list, in alphabetical order, of the authors (last name first), whose words and works have been cited in the work. Each entry in the list of references includes the full information (or as much of it as can be found), expressed in a consistent fashion, which will allow an interested reader to track down exactly where you found the material you have used and cited

CITATION: Example citation in text The prologue to Peter Stevens’ (2003) “The Voyage of the Catalpa” has a strong Irish flavour yet it is clearly set on the eastern seaboard of the United States of America. A study by O'Connor of the CIBA foundation found that 52 scientific journals had used 33 different reference styles (cited by Garfield 1986, p. 3)

CITATION: Example citation in text The beautifully refitted and well equipped ship carried supplies for two years at sea whaling in the Atlantic (Stevens, 2003). We all perceive the world around us in ways that are often unique to us through a series of personal filters and we 'construct' our own versions of reality (Kelly 1955).

CITATION: Example citation in text The conspiratorial tone of the prologue is no better expressed than in the final line, “Not a man but ourselves had the least suspicion of her true mission, and she is well on her way now.” (Stevens, 2003, p. 2).

CITATION: Example citation in text A recent study (Oshagbemi, 2004) also suggests that older managers can bring balance to a management team, as older managers, compared to younger, consult more widely and favor more participation, which tends to be well-received by other staff. Oshagbemi asserts that: "older workers tend to have a maturity and wisdom that enables them to anticipate problems and to respond to them calmly and with confidence" (p.2).

CITATION: Example citation in text The classical NP-complete problem of TP has seen much interest in not just the theoretical computer science community, but also in areas where practical solutions to this problem which enable significant practical applications1. However, NP-Completeness does not exclude the possibility of finding algorithms that are efficient enough for solving many interesting satisfiability instances. These instances arise from many diverse areas - many practical problems in AI planning2-5, circuit testing6,7 and verification8-10 for instance.

CITATION: Example citation in text From these features, various algorithms were proposed to evaluate the skin lesions such as pattern analysis [4], ABCD rule (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variegation, Diameter) of dermatoscopy [5] and [6], the Menzies method [7], the 7-points checklist [8], and CASH (Color, Architecture, Symmetry, Homogeneity) algorithm [9].

http://www.ibo.org/globalassets/digital-tookit/brochures/effective-citing-and-referencing-en.pdf

http://www.ibo.org/globalassets/digital-tookit/brochures/effective-citing-and-referencing-en.pdf

http://www.ibo.org/globalassets/digital-tookit/brochures/effective-citing-and-referencing-en.pdf

To paraphrase (i.e.: put another author’s ideas/words into your own) – a paraphrase must be cited If you quote text, indicate what is quoted and where it comes from If you use ideas or any other intellectual property belonging to someone else, acknowledge your source If the facts are common knowledge there is no need to provide a citation but if you are in any doubt it is better to be safe and cite the source

How?: REFERENCING STYLE/SYSTEM A reference style/system is a standardised system for referring to materials used in your writing There are several different styles developed independently by professional organisations University/proceeding or journal publisher generally stipulate which style to use for your subject

How?: REFERENCING STYLE/SYSTEM Common style guide used in the academic are: MLA (Modern Language Association) APA (American Physiological Association) Harvard Chicago/Turabian CSE (Council of Science Editors) ISO 690 (International Organization for Standardization)

GOOGLE SCHOLAR

GOOGLE SCHOLAR

The Harvard Referencing style The most commonly used system. Also known as the “author date system” References are listed alphabetically Example: Book: Stevens, P. (2003) The Voyage of the Catalpa: A Perilous Journey and Six Irish Rebels’ Escape to Freedom. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Journal article: Stevens, P. (2003) ‘The Voyage of the Catalpa: A Perilous Journey and Six Irish Rebels’ Escape to Freedom’. Irish Journal of Social History 50 (2) 34-42.

The IEEE Referencing style IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) style: used primarily for publications in engineering, electronics, telecommunications, computer science and information technology. Encloses citation numbers within the text of a paper in square brackets [x]  rather than as superscripts1  or in bracketed form (xxXX) Reference numbers are used to replace the names of authors, where possible.

The IEEE Referencing style Separate citation numbers with commas but no spaces. [3],[5] If there is a sequence of three or more citations in a reference, a single range should be used with a hyphen to separate the numbers. e.g. “Similar conclusions were reached by [3], [4], [5].” might be: ……..were reached by [3-5].”

ACADEMIC ETHICS

ACADEMIC ETHICS: PLAGIARISM DEFINITION plagiarize - to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own: use (another's production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft: present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source Why is PLAGIARISM is an issue? (Academically) Dishonest Fraudulent (Cheating) Stealing (Intellectual Ownership – copyright) Misrepresentation

EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM Cutting and pasting from other documents. Quoting without quotation marks or references. Paraphrasing without referencing. Summarising without referencing. Using an image, source and/or diagram without referencing. Taking another student’s ideas and passing them off as your own. Re-cycling your own work which has been submitted for assessment elsewhere. Collaborating on what should be individual work. Translating a document from another language

TOP 10 MOST COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED TYPES OF PLAGIARISM Survey of 879 higher and secondary educators from around the world (2012). Clone – Submitting another’s work, word-for-word as one’s own. All Data from: “White Paper – The Plagiarism Spectrum,” www.turnitin.com

Mashup – Mixes copied material from multiple sources 3. CTRL- C – Contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations.

Remix – Paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together. 5. Recycle – Borrows generously from the writer’s previous work without citation.

Re-tweet - Includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the text’s original wording and/ or structure 7. Find-replace – Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source

Aggregator – Includes proper citation to sources but the paper contains almost no original work 9. 404 Error – Includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources

Hybrid – Combines perfectly cited sources with copied passages without citation