Essential Question: What were the causes & consequences of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War? Warm-Up Question: ?

The Vietnam War During the Cold War, the U.S. was committed to containing communism The U.S. was effective in limiting communist influence in Europe But, the spread of communism in Asia led the U.S. to become involved in a civil war in Vietnam Involvement in Vietnam from 1950 to 1973 proved to be America’s longest & most controversial war

An Overview of the Vietnam War (5.26)

America’s Commitment to Vietnam Since 1887, France controlled the colony of Vietnam in SE Asia By 1945, Communist leader Ho Chi Minh led a war of independence for Vietnam Truman & Eisenhower feared the spread of communism in Asia (“domino theory”) & sent aid to France

America’s Commitment to Vietnam Ho Chi Minh gained control of communist North Vietnam Vietnam won independence in 1954 but was divided along the 17th parallel Ngo Dinh Diem became democratic president of South Vietnam

America’s Commitment to Vietnam Ho Chi Minh’s communist supporters in the North were called the Vietminh In South Vietnam, a group of communists called the Vietcong were formed to oppose Diem & unify Vietnam

America’s Commitment to Vietnam In 1963, Buddhist monk Quang Duc immolated himself to protest Diem’s regime “Strongly in our mind is what happened in China at the end of World War II, where China was lost. We don’t want that.” —JFK South Vietnamese President Diem led a corrupt government, offered little assistance to the poor, & oppressed Buddhists Presidents Eisenhower & Kennedy supported Diem despite his growing unpopularity In 1963 President Kennedy recognized that Diem had lost control of Vietnam & gave approval for the assassination of Diem After JFK’s death in 1963, the responsibility for Vietnam fell to Lyndon Johnson Diem’s assassination led to chaos in South Vietnam

“Being president is like being a jackass in a hailstorm “Being president is like being a jackass in a hailstorm. There’s nothing to do but to stand there and take it.” - President Lyndon Johnson “

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964 In 1964, a North Vietnamese gunboat attacked the USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which gave Lyndon Johnson broad powers to “defend Vietnam at any cost” Under LBJ, America escalated its role in Vietnam & began Defend Vietnam at any cost Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s discretion

The Escalation of the Vietnam War In an effort to contain the spread of communism into South Vietnam, LBJ began sending U.S. troops in 1965 By 1968, over 500,000 U.S. soldiers were fighting in Vietnam In “Operation Rolling Thunder,” the U.S. military began bombing North Vietnam U.S. Troops in Vietnam

Fighting the War in Vietnam The goal of U.S. military was to defeat the Vietcong & support democracy in South Vietnam: But, the Vietcong lived among the civilians in Vietnamese cities & villages (who is the enemy?) The Vietcong used guerilla tactics to combat U.S. military superiority Jungles made fighting difficult

The air force bombed villages & supply lines (Ho Chi Minh Trail) The U.S. military used a variety of tactics to fight the war in Vietnam The air force bombed villages & supply lines (Ho Chi Minh Trail)

The U.S. military used a variety of tactics to fight the war in Vietnam The military used napalm to destroy villages & herbicides (Agent Orange) to destroy crops

The U.S. military used a variety of tactics to fight the war in Vietnam Soldiers were sent on deadly “search & destroy” missions into the jungles to find the Vietcong

Soldier videos from Vietnam http://www. history

Television made Vietnam a “living room war” Despite overwhelming military superiority, the U.S. could not win in Vietnam & the war became unpopular at home “My Lai Massacre” 1968 Dan Rather for CBS TV broadcasts reported body counts, atrocities, declining troop morale, & lack of gains in the war Television made Vietnam a “living room war”

General Westmoreland & the Credibility Gap “Vietcong surrender is imminent” “The U.S. has never lost a battle in Vietnam” But, the military continued to draft more young men to fight in Vietnam “There is a light at the end of the tunnel” The American public believed there was a “credibility gap” between what the gov’t was saying & the reality of the Vietnam War

The Tet Offensive, 1968 In 1968, the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive against U.S. forces in South Vietnam The attack was contrary to media reports that the U.S. was winning the Vietnam War

The Tet Offensive, 1968 The Tet Offensive was a turning point in the Vietnam War American attitudes towards the war changed & anti-war movement grew President Johnson began to question whether the war could be won… …& LBJ announced that he would not seek re-election “Johnson’s War”

Protesting the Vietnam War Since 1965, U.S. troops had been in Vietnam… but 1968 was the height of the Vietnam War & the year of the disastrous Tet Offensive As more men were drafted into the war, the larger the anti-Vietnam protests became

Protesting the Vietnam War Students protested the killing of civilians & the draft, especially the large numbers of African Americans, Hispanics, & high-school dropouts

“Vietnam Song” Country Joe and the Fish http://safeshare.tv/w/tMDCPFjTlZ “Vietnam Song” Country Joe and the Fish Well, come on all of you, big strong men, Uncle Sam needs your help again. He's got himself in a terrible jam Way down yonder in Vietnam So put down your books and pick up a gun, We're gonna have a whole lotta fun. Come on Wall Street, don't be slow, Why man, this is war au-go-go There's plenty good money to be made By supplying the Army with the tools of its trade, But just hope and pray that if they drop the bomb, They drop it on the Viet Cong And it's one, two, three, What are we fighting for ? Don't ask me, I don't give a damn, Next stop is Vietnam; And it's five, six, seven, Open up the pearly gates, Well there ain't no time to wonder why, Whoopee! we're all gonna die. Well, come on all of you, big strong men, Uncle Sam needs your help again. He's got himself in a terrible jam Way down yonder in Vietnam So put down your books and pick up a gun, We're gonna have a whole lotta fun. And it's one, two, three, What are we fighting for ? Don't ask me, I don't give a damn, Next stop is Vietnam; And it's five, six, seven, Open up the pearly gates, Well there ain't no time to wonder why, Whoopee! we're all gonna die. Come on Wall Street, don't be slow, Why man, this is war au-go-go There's plenty good money to be made By supplying the Army with the tools of its trade, But just hope and pray that if they drop the bomb, They drop it on the Viet Cong. And it's one, two, three, What are we fighting for ? Don't ask me, I don't give a damn, Next stop is Vietnam. And it's five, six, seven, Open up the pearly gates, Well there ain't no time to wonder why Whoopee! we're all gonna die. Well, come on generals, let's move fast; Your big chance has come at last. Now you can go out and get those reds 'Cause the only good commie is the one that's dead And you know that peace can only be won When we've blown 'em all to kingdom come. And it's one, two, three, What are we fighting for ? Don't ask me, I don't give a damn, Next stop is Vietnam; And it's five, six, seven, Open up the pearly gates, Well there ain't no time to wonder why Whoopee! we're all gonna die. Come on mothers throughout the land, Pack your boys off to Vietnam. Come on fathers, and don't hesitate To send your sons off before it's too late. And you can be the first ones in your block To have your boy come home in a box. And it's one, two, three What are we fighting for ? Don't ask me, I don't give a damn, Next stop is Vietnam. And it's five, six, seven, Open up the pearly gates, Well there ain't no time to wonder why, Whoopee! we're all gonna die.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pl1xATrGMtg

Richard Nixon & the Election of 1968 LBJ’s decision not to run for re-election & the assassination of Robert Kennedy left the Democrats divided for the election of 1968 Republican Richard Nixon took advantage of the divided Democrats & won the 1968 election

Nixon wanted “peace with honor” in Vietnam

Vietnamization Nixon & National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger developed a plan called Vietnamization: gradually withdraw U.S. troops & replace them with South Vietnamese soldiers But, Nixon really wanted a “knockout blow” in Vietnam & secretly sent U.S. troops to Cambodia & ordered the bombing of Laos

When Americans found out about Nixon’s attacks on Cambodia & Laos, it set off the largest protest in U.S. history 250,000 people, mostly students on college campuses, protested the war & some protests turned violent 4 students died when the National Guard shot into a crowd of violent protestors at Kent State University in 1970 The Kent State shootings (also known as the May 4 massacre or the Kent State massacre)[2][3][4] occurred at Kent State University in the US city of Kent, Ohio, and involved the shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. The guardsmen fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis.[5][6] Some of the students who were shot had been protesting the Cambodian Campaign, which President Richard Nixon announced during a television address on April 30. Other students who were shot had been walking nearby or observing the protest from a distance.[7][8] Two of the four students killed, Allison Krause and Jeffrey Miller, had participated in the protest, and the other two, Sandra Scheuer and William Knox Schroeder, had been walking from one class to the next at the time of their deaths. There was a significant national response to the shootings: hundreds of universities, colleges, and high schools closed throughout the United States due to a student strike of four million students,[9] and the event further affected public opinion—at an already socially contentious time—over the role of the United States in the Vietnam War.[10]

Kent State, Ohio student protests Gotta get down to it. Soldiers are cutting us down Shoulda been done long ago What if you knew her & found her dead on the ground? How can you run when you know? Kent State, Ohio student protests John Filo's Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of Mary Ann Vecchio, a 14-year-old runaway kneeling over the body of Jeffrey Miller minutes after he was shot by the Ohio National Guard Tin soldiers and Nixon coming. We're finally on our own. This summer I hear the drumming. Four dead in Ohio. http://safeshare.tv/w/DLizHqyjPy Slides animate on their own

Ending the Vietnam War In 1973, the U.S. & North Vietnam agreed to a cease fire & the U.S. withdrew troops from Vietnam In 1975, North Vietnam violated the cease fire, invaded South Vietnam, & unified the nation under a communist government By 1975, the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon fell & Vietnam became unified under the Communist government Vietnam proved Containment could not be sustained

The Impact of the Vietnam War The conflict in Vietnam was the longest & most divisive war in U.S. history Of the 3.3 million U.S. soldiers who served: 58,000 were killed 303,000 were wounded 15% were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder after the war Many vets faced hostility from other U.S. citizens when they returned home Vietnam Veterans Memorial A Vietnam veteran came up with the idea for the memorial. Jan Scruggs The wall was designed by a college student. Her name is Maya Ying Lin It took less than eight months to build the memorial The wall is made of black granite from Bangalore, India. No federal funds were needed to create the memorial. There are 58,286 names listed on the wall as of 2013.  More than half of the people listed on the wall are under 22. The largest age group is made up of 19-year-olds. The names of eight women appear on the wall. They nursed the wounded.

The Impact of the Vietnam War The war changed foreign policy Containment ended as Americans became cautious of the U.S. role in the world Congress limited a president's ability to send troops without a declaration of war by passing the War Powers Act in 1973

Lessons Learned from Vietnam Wars must be of short duration Wars must yield few U.S. casualties Restrict media access to battlefields Develop and maintain Congressional and public support Set clear, winnable goals Set deadline for troop withdrawals 37

The Impact of the Vietnam War The war changed America at home People began to lose faith in the honesty of gov’t leaders during the Johnson & Nixon years The $176 billion cost of the war led to high inflation in the 1970s & weakened LBJ’s Great Society The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18 years old

Closure Activity: Create a timeline of Vietnam events; For each date, include a description & image 1954— 1963— 1964— 1965— 1968— 1969— 1970— 1973— 1975-

Closure Activity: Create a timeline of Vietnam events; For each date, include a description & image 1954—Vietnam gained independence 1963—Kennedy gave OK to assassinate Diem 1964—Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1965—LBJ ordered 1st U.S. troops to Vietnam 1968—Tet Offensive; Height of Vietnam War 1969—Nixon’s Vietnamization policy 1970—Nixon ordered troops to Cambodia 1973—U.S. ceasefire & withdrawal of troops 1975—Communists unified Vietnam 1954— 1963— 1964— 1965— 1968— 1969— 1970— 1973— 1975—

Closure Activity: Reviewing U.S. Containment Policy Review the Cold War containment policies of the United States from 1945 to 1973 List the Cold War events of each president Harry Truman (1945-1953) Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961) John F Kennedy (1961-1963) Lyndon Johnson (1963-1969) Richard Nixon (1969-1974) Rank these presidents from most effective (#1) “Cold Warrior” to least effective (#5)