Terminal Design Passenger Processing

errata Consider TSA impacts

Passenger Space Guidelines (1/2) Personal space Transit 18x24 inches Airports 5-10 ft2 (30 inch circle) Lateral movement 30 inches between “traffic” lanes Longitudinal movement 8-10 feet per person Net pedestrian area 20-30 ft2

Passenger Space Guidelines (2/2) Queuing space 5-10 ft2 Stairs 10-20 ft2 Escalators can be smaller Pedestrian flow f = s/a Where f pedestrian flow, s speed, a area per pedestrian (note analog to vehicular traffic flow density relationship: flow = density * velocity)

Passenger System (1/5) Entryways Lobby areas Passenger and visitors Enplaning and deplaning Auto doors 20-30 pax/min Manual doors 10-15 pax/min Lobby areas All persons using airport Seating capacity 15-25% of enplaning Space 20 sf/pax

Passenger System (2/5) Ticket counter Check in and baggage drop Estimate 10% of peak hour originating pax with 5 pax in line max Spacing: 10-12 ft. between counters without bags 12-16 ft. between counters for regular Queue space 3 ft./pax = 15 ft. Provide 20-35 ft. circulation area behind queues 10 ft. of depth for the counter itself

Passenger System (3/5) Security Service rate 300-450 pax/hr (lower than book says) 15-20 ft wide; 30-60 ft long Deplaning exit corridor 15-20 ft wide, revolving door or guards 20-40’ 10’-20’ 15-20’

Passenger System (4/5) Departure lounge Boarding corridors Estimate 80% of pax need seating Space 10-15 ft2/pax Walking corridors should be provided Boarding corridors 10 ft. wide Service rate 2-4 pax/min

Passenger System (4/5) Corridors Stairs Baggage claim 20 ft wide minimum 40-50 ft desirable for maneuvering Stairs 30 inches minimum per lane Speed 50-300 ft/min; average 100 ft/min Baggage claim Special procedures

Queuing Equations (1/4) Arrivals Service Ratio Poisson rate q (λ in the book) Service Exponential rate Q (μ in the book) Ratio ρ= q/Q < 1.0 More than one server (n) Ratio ρ = q/(Qn)

Queuing Equations (2/4) M/M/1 Used for flow through processes Wait time in queue: E(w) = q/[Q(Q-q)] Average time in system: E(t) = 1/(Q-q) Average queue length: E(m) = q2/[Q(Q-q)] Probability of k “units” in system: P(k)= (q/Q)k [1-(q/Q)] Used for flow through processes Entrance gates Security Jetways

Queuing Equations (2/4) M/D/1 Wait time in queue: E(w) = q/[2Q(Q-q)] Average time in system: E(t) = [2Q-q]/[2Q(Q-q)] Average time in service: E(ts) = 1/Q Average queue length: E(m) = q2/[2Q(Q-q)] For multiple servers (n), approximate Q as nQ Be careful – service time is not affected by n Check equations above! Used for processes with fixed service Ticket services Car rental

Queuing Equations (3/4) If ρ= q/Q > 1.0 Baggage claims Wait time in queue: E(w’) = E(w)0.9 +E(e) where E(w)0.9 is the E(w) when ρ =0.9 and E(e)=T(q-nQ)/(2nQ) where T is the time that demand exceeds service n=number of servers Average queue length: E(m’) = [E(w’)+1/Q)]q Baggage claims Average delay E(b) = E(t2) +NT/(N+1) –E(t1) Where t2 = time when 1st bag shows up t1 = time when passengers arrive N = number of bags per person T = between first and last bags

Queuing Equations (4/4) Total passenger processing time E(T) = E(w) + E(s) + E(t) where E(w) average wait in queue time E(s) average service time E(t) average walk time

Passenger Flow - Enplaning X L J A1 T D A2 X L J T SS

Enplaning Flow Example 500 pax/hr SS 300 E 225 X L J 175 500 D 200 T 100 Device Service time Doors 10 sec Express 90 sec Ticket 180 sec Security (X) 30 sec Seat Select 25 sec Jetway 20 sec Pax/hr/n 360 40 20 120 144 180 n Servers 2 6 5 4 Pax/hr 720 240 120 600 576

Enplaning Flow Example Device q Q Wait (min) Service (sec) Gate 500 720 0.19 10 Express 225 240 1.88 90 Ticket 100 120 1.25 180 Security 500 600 0.50 30 Seat Select 300 576 0.06 25 Jetway 500 720 0.19 20 Use the average wait in queue time equations to get wait. Remember to use the right queuing equation for the right device.

Enplaning Flow Example 40 60 60 50 Concession Stands ATO 40 60 30 60 30 75 30 100

Enplaning Flow Example 40 60 60 50 Walk dist (ft) Concession Stands ATO 40 395 305 185 60 300 235 30 60 30 75 30 100 295

Enplaning Flow Example 629 150 380 760 60 120 X

Enplaning Flow Example Wait time E(w)=1(0.19)+0.45(1.88)+0.20(1.25)+1(0.50)+0.60(0.06)+1(0.19) = 2.01 min Service time E(s)=1(10)+0.45(90)+0.20(180)+1(30)+0.60(25)+1(10)= 151.2 s. = 2.52 min Walk time E(t)= [0.45[(235+295)/2]+0.20[(395+305)/2]+ 0.35[0.75(185)+0.25(300)]+1(760)]/2.5 = 408 s. = 6.8 min Total time E(T)= 2.01 + 2.52 + 6.83 = 11.36 min

Passenger Flow Deplaning B J E S D CR

Deplaning Flow Example (1/8) B 35 60 100 J E S D 25 CR 75 Device Service time Doors 10 sec Escalator 5 sec Security exit 3 sec Car rental 240 sec Jetway 10 sec 500 pax/hr 1.5 bags/pax 1 visit/pax

Deplaning Flow Example (2/8) B 175 105 500 J E S 200 D 31 70 125 CR 94 Bags: 1.5 bags/pax = 309 bags, 2 servers Device Service time Doors 10 sec Escalator 5 sec Security exit 3 sec Car rental 240 sec Jetway 10 sec Pax/hr 360 720 1200 15 Servers 4 1 14 2

Deplaning Flow Example (3/8) Device q Q Wait (min) Service (min) Doors 1000 1440 0.05 10 Escalator 500 720 0.19 5 Security exit 500 1200 0.04 3 Car rental 195 210 1.86 240 Jetway 500 720 0.19 10

Enplaning Flow Example (4/8) Incoming Bags 40 40 Car Rentals 70 100 75 30 80 50 40 40 50 35

Deplaning Flow Example (5/8) Incoming Bags 40 40 Car Rentals 70 100 220 210 315 75 405 295 30 75 50 50 50 50 35 345 415 650

Deplaning Flow Example (6/8) 629 150 380 900 60 120 X

Deplaning Flow Example (7/8) For bags E(w)= 0.19+0.19+ 0.04+0.06(1.86) = 0.53 min E(s)= 10+5+3+0.06(240)=0.54 min E(t)= [900+0.35(415)+0.06(405)]/2.5=7.13 min Avg arrival time=0.53+0.54+7.13 =8.20 Bags/device 309/2 = 155 bags Load time 155/10 = 15.5 min E(b) = E(t2)+nT/(n+1)–E(t1)=10+[1.5(15.5)/2.5]-8.20= 11.10 min

Deplaning Flow Example (8/8) Wait time E(w)=1(0.19+0.19+0.04)+0.41(11.1)+0.39(1.86)+0.05 = 5.74 min Service time E(s)=1(10+5+3)+0.39(240)+1(10)= 2.03 min Walk time E(t)= [1(900)+0.40[(295+345)/2]+0.21(415+210)+ 0.14(415+650)+0.19(315)+0.06(405+210)]/2.5 = 9.41 min Total time E(T)= 5.74 + 2.03 + 9.41= 17.18 min

Terminal Footprint

Airport Roadway Circulation Deplaning Enplaning Terminal Frontage Road Short Term Parking Terminal Access Road Terminal Exit Road Long Term Parking

Gate Configuration Large airlines have their own Smaller typically combine/share May need to have “airline” terminals Wide bodies occupy outside gates