LEEREENHEID 2 / STUDY UNIT 2 EVOLUSIE VAN WERK / EVOLUTION OF WORK LARM111 LEEREENHEID 2 / STUDY UNIT 2 EVOLUSIE VAN WERK / EVOLUTION OF WORK

LEERUITKOMSTE Die sosiale organisasie van werk te kan beskryf en te verduidelik / to describe and explain the social organisation of work Die invloed wat werk op individue het te kan verduidelik / to explain the influence that work has on individuals Die invloed wat werk op die samelewing het te kan verduidelik / to explain the influence work has on society

EVOLUTION OF MAN AND TV

SOSIALE ORGANISASIE VAN WERK / SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF WORK Verhoudings tussen bestuur, werkers, medewerkers en kliënte / relations between management, workers, coworkers and customers Aantal temas wat die sosiale organisasie van werk beskryf / set of themes that describe the social organisation of work Hierdie temas hou verband met die organisatoriese en tegniese aspekte van werk, die demografie van die werksmag, die gevolge van werk, en die betekenis van werk vir individue / these themes highlight the organisational and technical aspect of work, the demographics of the workforce, the consequences of work, and the meaning of work for individuals

1. Verdeling van arbeid / division of labour Temas wat die sosiale organisasie van werk beskryf / themes that describe the social organisation of work (Very important…) 1. Verdeling van arbeid / division of labour 2. Tegnologie / technology 3. Ongelykheid / inequality 4. Burokrasie / bureaucracy 5. Vrouens, minderheidsgroepe en immigrante / women, minorities and immigrants

…. 6. Beroepe / Professions 7. Betekenis en waarde van werk / meaning and dignity in work 8. Globalisasie / globalization

1. Verdeling van arbeid / division of labour Volle reeks van aktiwiteite vs. spesialisasie / full range of activities vs. specialisation In primitiewe gemeenskappe het almal deelgeneem aan ‘n volle stel aktiwiteite / in primitive societies each member engaged in more or less the full range of work activities In latere “feudal” gemeenskappe het die mense landbouwerk gedoen / in later feudal society most workers were engaged in agricultural work In moderne gemeenskappe word die aktiwiteite opgebreek in kleiner dele en mense spesialiseer dan daarin / in modern industrial societies work has become so specialised that each trade is broken down into various specialities

2. Tegnologie / Technology Tegnologiese ontwikkeling verhoog produktiwiteit / technological developments multiplies productivity Begin by handgereedskap, tot stoom- en elektriese gereedskap, tot rekenaars / from hand tools, to steam- and electric tools, to computers

3. Ongelykheid / Inequality Daar is altyd sosiale verhoudinge tussen mense by die werk / work always involves social relations between people Verhoudinge bestaan tussen werkgewer en werknemer, tussen kollegas, tussen handelsvennote tussen verskaffers en verbruikers / relationships exist between employer and employee, between co-workers, between trade partners, and between suppliers and consumers Hierdie verhoudinge word genoem die sosiale verhoudinge van produksie / these relations are called the social relations of work Sosiale verhoudinge by die werk kan samewerkend wees soos in primitiewe gemeenskappe, of hiërargies en oneweredig soos in industriële gemeenskappe / these relations can be either cooperative and egalitarian as in primitive societies or hierarchal and unequal as in industrial societies

4. Burokrasie / bureaucracy Dit is ‘n hiërargiese sisteem wat duidelike kantore en verantwoordelikhede aanwys en daar is ‘n duidelike omskrewe ketting van verantwoordelikheid / is a hierarchal system with clearly designated offices and responsibilities and a clearly defined chain of responsibilities leading to the top position Alle gedrag van werknemers word uiteengesit in duidelike voorgeskrewe reëls / all behaviour of all employees takes place within clearly stated rules

5. Vroue, minderheidsgroepe en immigrante / women, minorities and immigrants Vandag is 46% van vrouens in Kanada en USA deel van die arbeidsmag / women makes up over 46% of the labour force in USA and Canada Daar is beskermende wetgewing vir minderheidsgroepe / there are protective legislation for minorities Dit is nodig om immigrante en hul families gelyk te maak / there is a need to assimilate immigrants and their families

6. Beroepe / professions Daar is al hoe meer professionele mense in die arbeidsmag / growing number of professional people in workforce Hoogs geleerde professionele mense het unieke regte en voorregte / highly educated professionals claim unique rights and privileges

7. Die waarde en betekenis van werk / the meaning and dignity in work Die manier hoe mense dink oor die rol van werk in hul lewe verander oor tyd / people’s ways of thinking about the role of work in their lives also change over time Werk word gesien as ‘n roete van opwaartse sosiale mobiliteit / work is seen as a route of upward social mobility

8. Globalisasie / globalisation Daar is ‘n groot aantal ekonomiese uitruiling wat plaasvind tussen nasies / great share of economic exchange occurs between nations Groot organisasies wat geleë is in industrieël sterker lande het baie takke en gesamentlike ondernemings buite hul land van oorsprong / industrially advanced nations have many branch plants and joint ventures outside their nation of origin Daar is digte netwerke tussen die verskillende lande / dense networks between different nations

GEVOLGE VAN WERK VIR DIE INDIVIDU / CONSEQUENCES OF WORK FOR INDIVIDUALS Positief / positive: Daar is ‘n groter verskeidenheid en beter kosse, meer praktiese items en verbeterde dienste (mediese sorg en tersiêre onderrig) / more variety and better food, many practical items, improved services (medical care, higher education) Negatief / negative: Daar vind vervreemding van werk plaas / alienation from work. Familie word minder belangrik en werk is nie ‘n familie aktiwiteit nie / family becomes less important and work is no longer a family activity

GEVOLGE VAN WERK VIR DIE GEMEENSKAP / CONSEQUENCES OF WORK FOR SOCIETY

Selfbelang / Self-interest Tradisionele plattelandse gemeenskappe het baie waarde geheg aan konformiteit / traditional rural societies placed a high value on conformity Dit was belangrik om dit te doen omdat die laer klas lewe so moeilik en genadeloos was / these values were necessary because of the harshness and vulnerability of peasant life Die bande het beweeg van ‘commonality’ tot eie selfbelang / moved from bonds of commonality to own self-interest Moderne gemeenskappe moedig diversiteit en kompetisie tussen hulle lede aan / modern societies encourage diversity and competition between their members Moderne gemeenskappe verhoog diversiteit en verlaag gelykheid / modern societies increases diversity and decreases conformity

Organisasie grootte / Organisational size Daar is groot organisasies wat goedere produseer soos tabak produkte, petroleum, motors ens. / giant organisations produce tobacco products, petroleum, automobiles etc. Die tipe organisasies het groot mag oor werkers, kliënte, verskaffers en selfs nasies / these organisations have great power over workers, customers, suppliers, and even nations Hoe groter die organisasie, hoe meer gaan individualiteit, nabyheid by die werk en persoonlike verhoudings verlore / increase in the size of the organisation increases the loss of individuality, closeness at work, and personal relationships Dit word verplaas deur burokratiese geadministreerde reëls / are replaced with bureaucratically administered rules

Markte / Markets In die verlede het mense gejag en kos versamel vir hul eie groepe, en dit was vir eie gebruik / in the past people would hunt or gather food in groups for their own use Vandag word daar in organisasies gewerk, jy ontvang geld en dan spandeer jy dit weer op verskillende produkte en dienste binne ander markte / today you work in an organisation, you receive money, then you buy different products and services from other markets Hoe groter die organisasie en burokrasie is, hoe groter is die produksie omdat daar doeltreffendheid in produksie is = skaal van ekonomie / greater size and bureaucracy allow increased productivity because of efficiency in production = economies of scale

Sosiale stratifikasie / Social stratification Oneweredige verdeling van verdienste en mag in die gemeenskap / unequal distributions of rewards and power in society ‘n Mens moet werk om geld te verdien / one needs to work to receive money Die hoeveelheid geld wat ‘n persoon verdien bepaal hoe die persoon buite die organisasie gaan lewe / the amount of money received for work determines the individual’s quality of life outside the organisation Party mense werk lang ure vir min geld en ander het meer as een werk, ander hoef nie te werk nie want hul het rykdom geërf / some people work long hours for little money and others have more than one job at a time, others do not need to work for they have inherited riches

TEORIE VAN WERK / THEORIZING WORK

... 3 figure wat ‘n groot bydrae gelewer het tot die veld van sosiologie / 3 founding figures in sociology: Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Max Weber

... Marx was besorg oor die beheer en uitbuiting van arbeid/mense deur kapitaliste, wat gelei het tot die vervreemding van betekenisvolle werk / for Marx, the central challenge was the control of labour by capitalists and their exploitation of workers, resulting in alienation from meaningful work Durkheim was besorg oor die afbreek van sosiale normes wat die verhoudings binne die werkplek beheer het, en wat veroorsaak is deur die dryf wat daar was by moderne industrieë om uit te brei / for Durkheim, the focal point was the breakdown of social norms governing workplace relations due tot the drive towards endless expansion generated by modern industry Weber was besorg oor die burokratiese rasionaliteit in die wêreld van werk wat veroorsaak het dat mense se kreatiwiteit gedemp was / for Weber, the key issue was the imposition of bureaucratic rationality in the world of work and the resulting stifling of human creativity