Empirical antibiotic treatment algorithm for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Empirical antibiotic treatment algorithm for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). MDR: multidrug-resistant; ICU: intensive care unit; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. #: low risk for mortality is defined as a ≤15% chance of dying, a mortality rate that has been associated with better outcomes using monotherapy than combination therapy when treating serious infection [18]. Reproduced from [2]. Antoni Torres et al. ERJ Open Res 2018;4:00028-2018 ©2018 by European Respiratory Society