NANO-TECH: NEW FRONTIER OF SCIENCE By Dr. Rajeshkumar H. Acharya 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org NANOTECHNOLOGY Derives from nanometer, which is one-thousandth of a micrometer (micron), or 10–9 of a meter The study, manipulation and manufacture of ultra-small structures and machines made of as few as one molecule 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

SOME NANOTECHNOLOGY MILESTONES Years Events 1959 Feyman delivers “Plenty of romms at the bottom”talk 1974 First molecular electronic device patent filed 1981 Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented 1985 Buckyballs discovered 1986 Atomic force microscope (AFM) invented 1987 “Engines of Creation” published 1988 Quantization of electrical conductance observed 1991 First single-electron transistor created 1993 First “designer protein” created 1997 Carbon nanotubes discovered 1999 First nanotechnology lab in the US 2000 DNA-based nanomechanical device created 2001 Molecular-scale computer switch created 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org DEFINITIONS NANOPARTICLE : A collection of tens of thousands of atoms measuring about 1-100 nanometer in diameter NANOCRYTAL: Used to describe these nanoparticles COLLOIDAL OR COLLOIDAL CRYSTAL: Synthesized nanopartical - dispersed or suspended in a stabilizing medium NANOLAYERS: Arranged or assembled nanoparticles in to ordered layers NANOTUBES: Fullerene-like “chicken-wire” construction of carbon atoms 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

IMPORTANT AREAS OF APPICATION Surface functionalisation and refinement: Nanoparticles to conventional coatings yields new and improved nano-based colour effects Examples are: Antireflective surfaces Sunshade glazing Antireflective coating for instrument panels 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Catalysis, chemistry and materials synthesis: Surface active membranes, anoporous (bio) filters and adsorption agents can be optimized form the nanotechnology point of view Biomimetic enzyme-like catalysts which have advantages over enzymes, including use in extreme reaction conditions. 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Energy conversion and use: Enhance the efficiency of energy conversion - e.g. use of naotechnological materials in solar cells and fuel cells Super-condensers with batteries for traction purposes - e.g. storing braking energy in electric cars 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Construction: Improves the mechanical properties, lightweight construction, hardness, wear resistance, high-temperature applications, also in mass applications like plastic casings or cladding Thermal insulation for buildings Façade design Interior 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Nanosensors and actuators: Magnetic field sensors Infrared sensors Chemosensors 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Data processing and transmission: Nanoelectronics in the field of data processing and transmission are electronic, optical and optoelectronic components DNA computing 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Life sciences Chemical analysis and diagnostics, nanotechnological production of active ingredients, precise delivery of active ingredients, and production of biocompatible materials and surfaces Viruses and cell types identification Ultra-small sensors- external stresses and the physiological state of the organism Nanomachines 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Security and defence: Unmanned and autonomous systems, improved weapons, and innovative materials in air, sea and space could be further reinforced by nanotechnology Nanoscale powders for use in propellants and explosives, enhancing the energy yield and speed of explosion 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Automotive industry: Nanoparticles as a filler in car tyres Antireflective coatings Nanoparticle-reinforced polymers and metals Nanotechnologically modified adhesive technologies and adhesive primers Catalytic nanoparticles as a fuel additive Nanoporous filters to minimise the emission of particles on the nanometer scale Hydrophile surface coatings as anti-fogging coatings “Self-healing" coatings, e.g. through self- organisation 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Textile industry: Crease resistance, breathing properties, wear resistance, spot and water repellence, antistatic properties, active ingredient storage or fire protection 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

EXAMPLES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS: Giant Magnetoresitance Kodak; filters; cosmetics; infrared low observable special windows; Hard coatings Dispersions with optoelectronic properties, high reactivity Chemical and Bio-detectors Advance Drug delivery systems Chemical-Mechanical Polishing with Nanoparticel Slurries New Generation of Lasers Nanostructured Catalysts Broad revolutionary technology A dental-bounding agent Protective and glare-reducing coating for eyeglasses Light-weight, stronger tennis racquets Stain-free clothing and mattresses 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

PATENT AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN 2003 5,228 nanotech-related patents in US 926 nanotech-related patents in JAPAN 684 nanotech-related patents in GERMANY 244 nanotech-related patents in CANADA 183 nanotech-related patents in FRANCE 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

CLASSIFICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY International Patent Classification and European Classification ECLA are likely to be common to most nanotechnology invention- B81 “Micro-structural technology” and B82 “Nano-technology”. 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org PATENT LANDSCAPE Search Term No. of Patents Nanotechnology 99 Nanostructured 434 Nanofabrication 72 Nanodevice 10 Nanoprobe 14 Nanomechanical 23 Nanotube 164 Carbon nanotube 129 Molecular switch 56 Nanocluster 44 Nanomagnetic 2 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

RISKS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY  Goo Grey Goo Green Goo Toxicity Weapons 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org Thank You 25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org