Hormones and Behavior September 27, 2017

Using one or more examples, explain functions of two hormones in human behavior

Hormones A hormone is a chemical that is secreted by glands in the endocrine system. Unlike neurotransmitters, they are released directly into the blood stream. Hormones may act as neurotransmitters and attach to post-synaptic receptor sites.

Types of Hormones

Cortisol Cortisol is a stress hormone. It is produced in the adrenal glands. Its functions are to increase the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and to increase metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. As you can see, it is an important part of what is called the "Fight or Flight Response." Studies Involving Cortisol: Meaney et al (2008) Newcomer et al (1999) Marmot et al (1997)

Oxytocin Secreted by the pituitary gland, oxytocin plays a role in social recognition, pair bonding and maternal attachment. For this reason, it is sometimes referred to as the "love hormone". There is some evidence that oxytocin promotes trust and empathy of in- groups. Studies involving Oxytocin: Baumgartner et al (2008) Zak (2009)

Melatonin Secreted by the pineal gland, melatonin forms part of the system that regulates the sleep-wake cycle by chemically causing drowsiness and lowering the body temperature. It has been found to play a major role in the body’s circadian rhythms. It promotes sleep as levels climb in response to darkness. Studies involving Melatonin: Buscemi et al (2005)

Testosterone Testosterone is produced in the male testes or in the ovaries of females. It is a sex hormone. Testosterone is often linked to aggression. Testosterone has a permissive effect on aggression. It appears that testosterone alone is not necessary for aggressive or violent behaviour. Studies involving testosterone: Booth (1998) Sapolsky (1998) Zac (2010)

Mirror Neurons

Mirror Neurons Modern biological research indicate that mirror neurons may play an important role in understanding human intentions/emotions. Mirror neurons are brain cells that fire when an animal performs an action and when it sees the same action performed by others, thus mirroring another’s behaviour.

For Tomorrow Read Pearson Pages 46-49