Kingdom Plantae

Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae Mutlicellular- more than one cell Eukaryotic- true nucleus Autotrophic-produce own food Have cells with cell walls made of cellulose and chloroplasts

Kingdom Plantae Seedless plants Ex. Ferns Vascular Plants Non Vascular Plants Seedless plants Ex. Ferns Reproduce sexually with spores Seed plants Ex. Trees, flowers Reproduce sexually with seeds Ex. Mosses No system to transport water or nutrients Usually smaller and live near water Gymnosperms Reproduce with cones Angiosperms Reproduce with flowers

Evolution of Plants

Non-vascular vs Vascular Have no roots, stems or leaves Have no specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients Are thought to be the first land dwelling plants Are usually low, flat and close to water Have roots, stems and leaves Have xylem to transport water from the roots to the leaves Have phloem to transport nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant Adapted to life on dry land

Vascular Tissue Glucose that is made in the leaves is carried throughout the plant through phloem. Phloem has cells with ends that have holes that allow for the two-way flow of the food Transpiration: the release of water vapor form the leaves that is a result of cellular respiration-draws water up through the xylem. Xylem is like a straw with a one way flow of water and minerals

Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns Reproduce sexually using spores Offspring have no food or protection

Seed Plants Advantages of seeds Two types of seed plants Seed have a seed coat that protects them from damage and water loss Seeds contain a food source for the plant embryo called the cotyledon Gymnosperms Have seed that are not enclosed (naked seed) cone Angiosperms Have seeds that are enclosed- usually in a fruit

Gymonosperms Are usually woody and are often called soft wood. Evergreen They retain their leaves year round Perennial: Live more than one growing season 4 main groups Conifers-cone bearing (pines) Cycads-palm-like, tropical Ginkgoes-only one living today Ginko biloba Gnetophytes: only 3 types left. One makes the drug ephredrine

Angiosperms Angio: “vessel” Only angiosperms produce specialized reproductive structures called flowers. Of all the divisions of plants, angiosperms ("vessel seed") are the most successful and most diverse. Most flowering plants coevolved with pollinators—insects, bats, birds, etc.

Two types of angiosperms Monocots have one cotyledon Leaves are grass-like and the leaf veins are parallel Dicots have two cotyledons and the seed can be split into two equal halves Ex beans and nuts.

Anatomy of a flower

Seed Anatomy

Seedling Emergence Forces that must be overcome Gravity Mass of the soil on top of the seed Wind rain, etc.

Alternation of generations Key Aspects of the Life Cycles The diploid sporophyte has extensive root and shoot systems; it also retains and nourishes the gametophyte. Embryos are nourished by the endosperm within the seeds, which are packaged inside fruits.

Evolution of Pollen and Seeds The spores of some algae and simple vascular plants are all alike– homospory. In the gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages, the spores are differentiated into two types–heterospory. The male gametophytes–pollen grains–are released from the parent plant to be carried by whatever means to the female gametophyte. The female gametophytes remain in the plant and are surrounded by protective tissues, eventually producing a seed .