Essential Questions Make a chart and write down what you Know, what you Want to know about Period 1: 1491-1607. K W L

Native Peopling and European Contact APUSH REVIEW Period 1: 1491-1607 Native Peopling and European Contact

Overview This period covers the Age of Exploration, with the emphasis on European exploration of North America. Three themes to focus in on: 1. Native Societies were not primitive. They carried distinct similarities, yet regional differences. 2. The Spanish had an immense impact on both North American cultures and later European contact. 3. A strong understanding of the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native societies is crucial.

1. Native Societies were not primitive 1. Native Societies were not primitive. They carried distinct similarities, yet regional differences.

First humans likely arrived in 13,000 BCE THE FIRST AMERICANS First humans likely arrived in 13,000 BCE

The Ice Age is Melting! Archaic Peoples Maize in Mesoamerica

They were not uncivilized, just not modernized by European standards 1. Native Societies were not primitive. They carried distinct similarities, yet regional differences. Early Native American societies had… Agriculture (Maize cultivation) Trade networks Political structures They did not have… Modern technology Metal work, gunpowder, wheel Written language Domesticated animals Major civilizations They were not uncivilized, just not modernized by European standards * Note: Aztec, Incan, & Mayan empires—while significant— play less of a role when studying North American native societies

Major Native American Cultures - Adena & Hopewell- Eastern Woodlands (circa 1200 BCE) - Hohokam- Southwest (c. 300 BCE) - Mayans- Yucatan Peninsula (c. 150 BCE) - Mississippians- Mississippi River Valley (c. 700 CE) - Aztecs- Mesoamerica (c.1420 CE) - Incas- South American Andes (c.1430 CE) By the time Columbus lands in the Western Hemisphere, most Native Americans live in Mesoamerica and South America

SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES 1. Native Societies were not primitive. They carried distinct similarities, yet regional differences. SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES Built around tribal bands and local resources Religion bonded tribes together (based around hunter or gatherer societies) Typically one Deity Women served often as religious leaders Property was not owned, just used by families Land was communal Class distinction Tribal leaders were decided through lineage (typically male) Wealth was common to all Family lineage was “matrilineal”- linked through mother’s blood line Women were not bound to one male, often having multiple partners Diverse cultures & languages Southwest- Pueblos had irrigation systems and diverse architecture Great Basin- hunter societies (Bison), migratory (collapsible tepees) Northeast- Iroquois Confederacy (multiple tribes connected through a league) Mississippi & Ohio River Valley- big settlements, hunter and gatherers, agriculture based Atlantic seaboard- fishers and hunters, wood structures Northwest & California- fishers and gatherers, Sierra Nevada’s served as political barrier

Regional North American Indian Cultures Southwest- Pueblos had irrigation systems and diverse architecture Great Basin- hunter societies (Bison), migratory (collapsible tepees) Northeast- Iroquois Confederacy (multiple tribes connected through a league) Mississippi & Ohio River Valley- big settlements, hunter and gatherers, agriculture based Atlantic seaboard- fishers and hunters, wood structures Northwest & California- fishers and gatherers, Sierra Nevada’s served as political barrier

Key Concept 1.1 As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

2. The Spanish had an immense impact on both North American cultures and later European contact.

(1492) Lands on the Bahamas (Caribbean Islands) The Spanish had an immense impact on both North American cultures and later European contact. Christopher Columbus Italian explorer, chartered by Spanish crown (Isabella and Ferdinand) (1492) Lands on the Bahamas (Caribbean Islands) Mission was viewed as a failure (kind of)- no gold, very few spices, and no route to India

Natives were viewed as savages, uncivilized, and un-Christianized The Spanish had an immense impact on both North American cultures and later European contact. Natives were viewed as savages, uncivilized, and un-Christianized Spanish motives (after Columbus): Set up military forts to combat pirates Convert natives Exploit resources

The Spanish had an immense impact on both North American cultures and later European contact. Ponce de Leon Led an expedition to Puerto Rico (1509), then Florida (1513) Looking for “Fountain of Youth” (1565) St. Augustine became the first European settlement in N. America

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca The Spanish had an immense impact on both North American cultures and later European contact. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Explored much of the southwest (1610) Founded Santa Fe, NM Later led to Pueblo Revolt (1680), led by Popé

Native uprisings fail to drive out the Spanish, but… The Spanish had an immense impact on both North American cultures and later European contact. Native uprisings fail to drive out the Spanish, but… The Spanish begin to respect Native religions Spanish rethink more effective labor systems Bartolome de Las Casa (1550)- questions the motives of European explorers and their action on Native societies “Black Legend”- the belief that Spanish rule was destroying Indian culture Use by English colonist to justify settlements

3. A strong understanding of the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native societies is crucial.

Native American population estimated between 50 to 100 million people A strong understanding of the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native societies is crucial. Native American population estimated between 50 to 100 million people Disease decimates Native societies 80% (or more) of the Native population was killed

Effects of Spanish rule A strong understanding of the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native societies is crucial. Effects of Spanish rule Encomienda system- Spanish crown granted land and natives to conquistadors; natives were forced to work the land with little return (Spanish masters reaped the benefits) Asiento system- diminished Native populations led the Spanish to begin importing new labor sources: African slavery

Africa to America: Europe to America: America to Europe: Slaves A strong understanding of the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native societies is crucial. Europe to America: Horses Livestock Disease Small pox, measles, influenza Christianity Language America to Europe: Resources Tobacco Vanilla Cotton Chocolate Gold Spices Timber Sugar Disease Syphilis Expansion opportunities Africa to America: Slaves Resources Gold Sugar Disease Yellow fever

Social Changes Cultural Changes Political Changes A strong understanding of the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native societies is crucial. Social Changes European- Protestant vs. Catholic; humanity of Natives Native Americans- epidemics decimate societies Africans- West African societies contributed to slavery Cultural Changes European- breeding with Natives Native Americans- Engrossed into Christian doctrine; introduced to new technologies Africans- stripped of native culture, forced to adapt to new life Political Changes European- New World exploration makes European nations more powerful Native Americans- military resistance to Europeans Africans- Slave trade makes African nations more powerful

Key Concept 1.2 Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

Recap: Essential Questions Now fill in what you Learned about Period 1: 1491-1607. K W L