Agricultural and Biological Engineering Open Path Methods Albert J. Heber, Professor heber@purdue.edu Building Environment Research & Education AgAirQuality.com Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University Slides: Title: Heber only under title

Biocurtain at Laying House Biocurtain over 3 fans Lab

Inside Biocurtain at Layer House

NRC Report on Air Emissions Global/Nat. Local Concern NH3 Major Minor N-Dep/PM2.5 N2O Significant Insignificant Climate NOx Haze/Health CH4 VOCs Quality H2S PM10 Haze PM2.5 Health/Haze Odor

Comparing Open Path Sensors Type of Sensor FTIR UV OPL Detector cooling Cryocooler - Path Length, m 400 150-1000 2000 Mode Monostatic Bistatic Compounds NH3, VOC*, CH4 NH3, H2S, Nox H2S or NH3 Scan frequency, Hz 1 4000 Detection Limits Hydrogen sulfide Deuterium ppm-m 10-30 0.4-5 6-25 ppb 75-600 2.8-33 3-120 Linear upper range Ammonia Xenon 1.5 2 2-50 3-20 1-40 903 Models BLS, TOM BLS

Repump cooler, replace retros Type of Sensor FTIR UV OPL Scanning Yes ? Reflectors - 200 m 30 cube Small retro 400 m 60 cube 1000 m 90 cube Real-time quantification yes yes, w/ BLS Capital cost 140K $20K-$45K $30K Short term costs none Annual costs Repump cooler, replace retros New source None Recalibration needs Annually $7K laser/7 yr.

FTIR with 48-m Closed Cell Advantages Measures greenhouse gases Measures ammonia: MDL=<6 ppb, NO, NO2 Measures dozens of other gases, SO2 Real-time measurement Quick response: limited by cell volume Disadvantages Expensive: $75,000 Heavy, non-portable Slides – FTIR Nexus 670: Advantages and Disadvantages

Scanning FTIR - Tomography Layer house Horizontal scanning Vertical scanning

Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

Field Measurement of Air Pollutants Near Swine Confined Animal Feeding Operations using UV DOAS and FTIR C. D. Secrest (paper presented in 2000) Ambient ammonia concentrations 0.8 km from a large swine facility with lagoons over a two week period were 0 to 900 ppb. An Iowa Study Group recommended that ambient exposure to ammonia should not exceed 150 ppb. The UV DOAS and FTIR were in good agreement. Open-path monitors combined with wind monitors are powerful tools for comparing daytime and nighttime pollutant concentrations, and for determining the effect of wind speed on concentration.

Area sources -> diffuse plumes Open-path -> entire plume length An array paths maps the plume Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

OP-FTIR Measurement Paths for Path-Integrated Optical Remote Sensing (Tomography) wind Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

Controlled release simulation of an area source under unstable air conditions – worst case 40 80 120 160 200 240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/15/99: average flux - 1.12g/s 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 concentrations are in mg/m 3 40 80 120 160 200 240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/15/99: Run #1 flux - 1.22g/s 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 concentrations are in mg/m 3 Reconstructed plumes Actual release rate = 1.7 g/s Calculated flux = 1.2 g/s Measured σθ = 50.7° Pasquill-Gifford Stability A - Unstable 40 80 120 160 200 240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/15/99: Run #2 flux - 1.15g/s 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 concentrations are in mg/m 3 Height [meters] 40 80 120 160 200 240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/15/99: Run #3 flux - 1.01g/s 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 concentrations are in mg/m 3 Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

Controlled release simulation of an area source under stable air conditions – best case 40 80 120 160 200 240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/19/99: average flux - 1.45g/s 0.9 1.8 2.6 3.5 concentrations are in mg/m 3 Oxford 10/19/99: Run #1 flux - 1.29g/s 1.9 2.8 3.8 Oxford 10/19/99: Run #2 flux - 1.6g/s 1.1 2.1 3.2 4.2 Oxford 10/19/99: Run #3 flux - 1.49g/s 7 10.5 Oxford 10/19/99: Run #4 flux - 1.75g/s 1 2.9 3.9 Reconstructed plumes Actual release rate = 1.7 g/s Calculated flux = 1.5 g/s Measured σθ = 12.7° Pasquill-Gifford Stability C-D - Neutral Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

FTIR References Harris, D. B., and E.L. Thompson, Jr. 1998. Evaluation of ammonia emission from swine operations in North Carolina. Proc. Emission Inventory-Living in a Global Environment, VIP-88, pp. 420-429. AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA. Harris, D. B., E.L. Thompson, Jr., D.A. Kirchgessner, J.W. Childers, M. Clayton, D.F. Natschke, W.J. Phillips. 1999. Multi-pollutant concentration mapping around a concentrated swine production facility using open-path FTIR spectrometry. Workshop on Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds II: Emissions, Transport, Transformation, Deposition and Assessment, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, pp. 237-246. Childers, J. W., E.L. Thompson, Jr., D.B. Harris, D.A. Kirchgessner, M. Clayton, D.A. Natschke, W.J. Phillips. 2001. Multi-pollutant measurements around a concentrated swine production facility using open-path spectrometry. Atm. Env. 35: 1023-1936. Childers, J. W., Thompson, E. L., Jr., Harris, D. B., Kirchgessner, D. A., Clayton, M., Natschke, D. A., Phillips, W. J. (2001) Application of standardized quality control procedures to open-path fourier transform infrared data collected at a concentrated swine production facility. Env. Science & Tech. 35:1859-1866. Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

FTIR References Childers, J. W., E.L. Thompson, Jr., D.B. Harris, D.A. Kirchgessner, M. Clayton, D.A. Natschke, W.J. Phillips. 2000. Comparison of an innovative algorithm to classical least squares for analyzing open-path fourier transform infrared spectra collected at a concentrated swine production facility. Appl.Spect. 56:325-336. Hashmonay, R. A., D.A. Natschke, K. Wagoner, D.B. Harris, E.L. Thompson, Jr., M.G. Yost. 2001. Field evaluation of a method for estimating gaseous fluxes from area sources using open-path fourier transform infrared. Env. Sci. Tech. 35:2309-2313. Harris, D. B., E.L. Thompson, Jr., Vogel, C. A., Hashmonay, R. A., Natschke, D. A., Wagoner, K. Yost, M.G. Innovative approach for measuring ammonia and methane fluxes from a hog farm using open-path fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 94th Annual Conf. of the AWMA, VIP-102-CD, AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA 2001. Hashmonay, R.A. and D.B. Harris. 2001. Particulate matter measurements using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 94th Annual Conference of the Air & Waste Management Association, VIP-102-CD, AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA. Harris, D.B., R.C. Shores, L.G. Jones. Ammonia Emission Factors from Swine Finishing Operations. Int. Emissions Inventory Conference, “One Atmosphere, One Inventory, Many Challenges.” www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conferences/ei10/index.html. Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

Neutral Stability ponds sheds ponds sheds Source: Lowry Harper Notice that a complete flux measurement (flux sampling of plume to large height) overestimates the flux by ~ 10% (this is because of the neglect of turbulent flux) 15 m 5 m 25 m C plume in neutral conditions along measurement plane Flux measurement plane Neutral Stability Wind ponds sheds Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004 ponds sheds

Unstable (daytime) Smeared plume Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004 C plume in unstable conditions along measurement plane Flux measurement plane Notice that even if you go to z=50 m you don’t capture all the flux Unstable (daytime) Wind Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004 Smeared plume

Stable (nighttime) Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004 Wind C plume in stable conditions along measurement plane Flux measurement plane Stable (nighttime) Wind Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004

Backward Lagrangian Stochastic (BLS) Dispersion Models Backward Lagrangian Stochastic Modeling Introduced by Flesch, T.K., and J.D. Wilson. 1995. Backward-time Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models and their application to estimate gaseous emissions. J. Applied Meteorology 34:1320-1332. Utilizes point or line measurement Ultrasonic or cup anemometers Flexible and easy to use. Surface layer model. Locate < 1 km. Commercial software available www.thunderbeachscientific.com

UV-DOAS Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 1-1000 ppb path length Fast scanning, compact, tunable EPA Equivalent Method for SO2, O3 and NO2. Also measures ammonia, benzene, toluene, xylenes, styrene, Hg, HF, HNO2, HCHO Continuous operation MDL for ammonia = 2.8 to 5.8 ppb Source: Myers, J., T. Kelly, C. Lawrie, and K. Riggs. 2000. ETV Technology Evaluation Report. Opsis, Inc. AR-500 Ultraviolet Open-Path Monitor. ETV Advanced Monitoring Systems Center, Battelle.

EPA Lab for Ambient Measurements TEOM UV-DOAS UV-DOAS TEOM UV-DOAS 1-min averaging and recording intervals MET tower

Collocated UV’s

Micromet Setup at Lagoons FTIR & Tomography UV & BLS FTIR & BLS Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

Equipment Required per Team Two FTIR scanning systems with 20 retros Two UV systems Four computers for optical remote sensors One computer for data QAQC and analysis Two 3D ultrasonic anemometers (2 and 12 m) Complete weather station Two, 12-m towers for FTIR/UV systems One, 2 m tower for ultrasonic anemometer Software for computed tomography method Software for BLS method Van and trailer

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