Chapter 9 A Breath of Fresh Air

The Respiratory System The respiratory system brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via blood to the cells. Respiration is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere and the body cells.

The Respiratory System Ventilation means the bringing in of fresh air. Ventilation also is known as breathing.

The Respiratory Tract

The Respiratory System The respiratory system is divided into upper and lower tracts. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx.

Upper Respiratory System Nasal cavity Pharynx Esophagus Mouth Larynx Epiglottis Tongue Trachea

Upper Respiratory Tract Air enters and exits the body through the nose. Nas/o and rhin/o are combining forms for nose. External openings of the nose area are called nares. 7

Upper Respiratory Tract The pharynx is the area from the back of the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx. Pharyng/o is the combining form for pharynx Commonly called the throat 8

Upper Respiratory Tract The larynx is the area between the pharynx and the trachea. Laryng/o is the combining form for the larynx. Commonly called the voice box contains the vocal cords

The Respiratory System The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

Lower Respiratory System Epiglottis Alveoli Larynx Trachea Cartilage ring Lungs Bronchi Bronchioles Anatomy & Physiology TM

Lower Respiratory Tract The trachea extends from the neck to the chest and passes air from the larynx to the thoracic cavity. Trache/o is the combining form for the trachea. Commonly called the windpipe contains C-shaped cartilaginous rings

Lower Respiratory Tract The trachea divides into two branches at the tracheal bifurcation to form bronchi. Bronch/o is the combining form for bronchi. Bronchus is the singular form of bronchi.

Lower Respiratory Tract The bronchi continue to get smaller in diameter until they become bronchioles. Bronchiol/o is the combining form for bronchioles. -ole means small.

Lower Respiratory Tract Alveoli are air sacs in which gas exchange occurs. Alveol/o is the combining form for alveoli (small sac). Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses across the alveolar wall. 15

Supporting Structures The thoracic cavity is contained within the ribs. Cost/o is the combining form for ribs. Thorac/o and -thorax mean chest cavity or chest.

Supporting Structures The lung is the main organ of respiration. The lungs are divided into well-defined divisions called lobes. Pneum/o, pneumon/o, and pneu mean lungs or air. Pulm/o and plumon/o mean lung.

Supporting Structures The lung is encased in a membranous sac called the pleura. The pleura has two layers; between these two layers is the pleural space. Pleur/o is the combining form for pleura. 18

Thoracic Cavity Thoracic Cavity Pleura Thin membrane lining Visceral layer Parietal layer

Supporting Structures The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. Dia- means across. Phragm/o is the combining form for wall. Diaphragmat/o and phren/o are combining forms for diaphragm.

Supporting Structures Breathing is the inhalation and exhalation of air. Inhalation is the drawing in of a breath. Exhalation is the release of a breath. Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Terms Associated with Breathing The root -pnea means breathing. Ox/i, ox/o, and ox/y refer to oxygen. Capn/o refers to carbon dioxide. 22

Terms Associated with Breathing apnea dyspnea bradypnea tachypnea hyperpnea hypopnea hypoxia hypercapnia hypocapnia

Diagnostic Terms Auscultation Bronchoscopy Laryngoscope listening to body sounds using a stethoscope Bronchoscopy Procedure to visually examine the bronchi Laryngoscope Instrument used to visually examine the larynx Often used for intubation

Thoracentesis Trachael Wash Withdraw fluid from thorax Flushing small amount of fluid into trachea and lungs, then aspirating the fluid back from the lungs in order to collect a sample for analyzing (culture, cytology)

Pathological Conditions Epistaxis Nosebleed Icepack on nose to constrict blood vessels Causes

Rodenticide or rat poisoning Von Willebrand's disease (vWD) While there are many causes of epistaxis in dogs, the most common causes are trauma and infection. Rodenticide or rat poisoning Von Willebrand's disease (vWD) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia  Ehrlichiosis - tick-borne disease Rocky Mountain spotted fever - tick-borne disease Hemangiosarcoma  Other cancers, especially of the nasal passages and skull Fungal diseases (Aspergillis) Horses: Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Tracheal Foreign Body

Collapsed Trachea

Thoracentesis Hemothorax – blood Pyothorax – pus Pneumothorax - air https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3Rxult05Cg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZK5dC6KxLKc

Inflammation of Rhinitis Laryngitis Pharyngitis Bronchitis Tracheitis Tracheobronchitis Kennel Cough

Fluid or Inflammation Pulmonary edema Pneumonia  fluid accumulation in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure. Pneumonia an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the alveoli.

Snuffles Pasteurella

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Medical Terms for the Respiratory System Additional terms for respiratory system tests, pathology, and procedures can be found in the text. Review StudyWARE to make sure you understand these terms.

Pleurisy or Pleuritis Exudate Transudate Serous fluid