Types of references.

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Presentation transcript:

Types of references

1- extension & intension : in semantics, correlative words that indicate the reference of a term or concept. “intension” indicates the internal content of a term or concept that constitutes its formal definition. “extension” indicates its range of applicability by naming the particular objects that it denotes

intension of “ship” as a substantive is “vehicle for conveyance on water”

extension

Once the meaning differs according to it’s content, it’s a prototype. 2- Prototype: an object or referent which is typical of the whole sentence. Once the meaning differs according to it’s content, it’s a prototype.

In Palestine, it’s a source of meat and milk In India, it’s consider as a god

Concrete : objects which can be touched. 3- concrete vs. abstract Concrete : objects which can be touched. Dog , door, leaf, stone Abstract: invisible objects. Knowledg , reason , problem.

The concrete objects can be abstract Key

Bright Literal Figurative

Unique: when the referring expression has fixed reference. 4- unique and non-unique : Unique: when the referring expression has fixed reference. Lack Ontario , the dead see Non-Unique: when the referring expression has verbal reference. He swam in a lack.

*abstract - countable expressions : ideas , problems, suggestions . 5- countable and non countable : both of them might be concrete or abstract *Concrete-countable expressions: items the are separated from one another. E.g. apple , pens. *abstract - countable expressions : ideas , problems, suggestions . *Concrete-non countable expressions: three references

1- substances: ink, toothpaste. 2- numerous particles: sand , rice. Collective: furniture, jewelry, luggage. *abstract -non countable expressions : advice, information, beauty .

A dog is laying in the street. Dogs are laying in the street. 6-Generic and non generic: A dog makes a fine pet. Dogs make fine pet. A dog is laying in the street. Dogs are laying in the street.

We would like to have a dog. 7- specific and non specific. We have a dog. We would like to have a dog.