The 2016 global and national burden of diabetes mellitus attributable to PM2·5 air pollution Benjamin Bowe, MPH, Yan Xie, MPH, Tingting Li, MD, Prof.

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The 2016 global and national burden of diabetes mellitus attributable to PM2·5 air pollution Benjamin Bowe, MPH, Yan Xie, MPH, Tingting Li, MD, Prof Yan Yan, MD, Prof Hong Xian, PhD, Ziyad Al-Aly, MD The Lancet Planetary Health Volume 2, Issue 7, Pages e301-e312 (July 2018) DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30140-2 Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Spline analysis of PM2·5 and the risk of diabetes The red line is the hazard ratio. The black lines are the 95% CIs. A histogram of the distribution of PM2·5 exposure is presented in the background in grey. The lowest PM2·5 value included in the analysis was 6·2 μg/m3 and it served as the reference. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018 2, e301-e312DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30140-2) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Integrated exposure response function of the association between PM2·5 and diabetes A histogram of the distribution of PM2·5 exposure among the countries is presented in the background in grey. The red line is the mean estimated relative risk. The black lines are 95% uncertainty intervals. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018 2, e301-e312DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30140-2) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population of diabetes by World Bank income group (A) and sociodemographic index quintile (B) DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018 2, e301-e312DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30140-2) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Age-standardised burden of incident diabetes attributable to PM2·5 per 100 000 population (A) and age-standardised DALYs due to incident diabetes attributable to PM2·5 per 100 000 population (B) DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years. ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. LCA=Saint Lucia. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. Isl=Island. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. TLS=Timor-Leste. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018 2, e301-e312DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30140-2) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions