“TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN THE EMERGING WORLD” BY Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM AT Celebration of 50 years of the Discovery of the Triple Helical Structure of Collagen By Prof. GN Ramachandran New Delhi, INDIA 07 AUG 2004 www.presidentofindia.nic.in

TECHNOLOGY : INTERFACES Technology is the most Non-linear tool Technology can effect the most fundamental changes in the ground rules of economic competitiveness Science is linked to Technology through Applications Technology is linked to Economy and Environment through Manufacture Economy and Environment link Technology to Society SOCIETY TECHNOLOGY ECONOMY SCIENCE Manufacture Application ENVIRONMENT www.presidentofindia.nic.in

TECHNOLOGY THROUGH AGES 10000 BC 5000 BC 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 19th Century 20th Century 21st Century Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Chemical Age Plastics Age Materials Age Info & Knowledge Age Nanotechnology Age Biotechnology Age Nuclear Age Natural Sources & Craftsmanship Synthesis, Engineering, combinatorial, simulation Strategies Natural Ceramics Natural Metals Metallurgy Small Molecules Large Molecules (Polymers) Atomic (fission/fusion) Advanced Materials (Composites) (Computer chips) Genetic Engg. Genomics Proteonics INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BIOLOGICAL REVOLUTION DARK AGE RENAISSANCE Nano Gears Accelerometer www.presidentofindia.nic.in

HIGH TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA NEW SPACE MISSIONS HYPERPLANE INSAT-2 IRS PSLV GSLV REUSABLE HYPERSONIC MISSILES ASLV SLV-3 ARYABHATA BRAHMOS ALH 60 MILLION LINES HANSA LCA HIGH TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA 20 MILLION LINES PRITHVI MBT AGNI RAX SUPER COMPUTERS TERA FLOPS SUPER COMPUTERS 100 GFLOP SUPER COMPUTERS Technology has multiple dimensions. Geopolitics convert the technology to a particular nation’s policy. The same policy will lead to economic prosperity and capability for national security. For example, the developments in chemical engineering brought fertilizers for higher yield of crops while the same science led to chemical weapons. Likewise, rocket technology developed for atmospheric research helped in launching satellites for remote sensing and communication applications which are vital for the economic development. The same technology led to development of missiles with specific defense needs that provides security for the nation. The aviation technology development has led to fighter and bomber aircraft, and the same technology will lead to passenger jet and also help operations requiring quick reach of support to people affected by disasters. When nuclear science was born in India, in 1950s, India, in two decades, got nuclear medicine, nuclear irradiation for preservation of agricultural products, nuclear power and much later weapons. At this stage, let us study global growth of technology and human impact. PACE+ & PARAM POKHRAN I 0.1 G FLOP SUPER COMPUTER 3000 MW POWER GENERATION 20,000 MW POWER GENERATION POKHRAN II 500 MW FAST BREEDER REACTOR www.presidentofindia.nic.in www.presidentofindia.nic.in

EMERGING INDIA DEVELOPED INDIA PROSPERITY 19th CENTURY 20th CENTURY SECOND VISION: DEVELOPED INDIA SELF SUFFICIENCY IN FOOD IMPROVED STANDARD OF LIVING PROSPERITY FIRST VISION: INDEPENDENT INDIA 1.7  Vision for the nation   We got freedom in 1947, that was the result of first vision for the nation. This vision created best of leaders in many fields like politics, philosophy, science & technology and industry. In many aspects of life, improvement in literacy, agricultural products, strategic areas, certain small and large-scale industries took place. Now more than fifty years have gone by and we are called as one of the hundreds of developing countries, in a distinct way a separation from G-8 countries. We have many challenges. Nearly 300 million people who are below the poverty line have to join the mainstream of a good life. 100% literacy, health for all, multiple industrial and agricultural productivity and life style with value system has to emerge ECONOMIC GROWTH >10 % GDP NEAR ZERO POVERTY LEVEL NEAR 100 % LITERACY SELF RELIANCE IN CRITICAL SECTORS INDEPENDENT INDIA FIRST INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT 1857 1947 1997 2020 19th CENTURY 20th CENTURY 21st CENTURY www.presidentofindia.nic.in

INTEGRATED ACTIONS FOR DEVELOPED INDIA Crucial for all sectors River Networking PURA Food Security Key to Employability Infrastructure including Electric Power Agriculture & Agro-Food Processing Happy & Healthy Society, Economic Strength and National Security Social Security Employment & Value addition Population control Nutritional Security Export Earnings Massive Employment Reaching the whole nation Education & Health Care Information and Communication Technology Critical Technologies & Strategic Industries I M P A C T ~ 0% 26% People below Poverty line >10% >5% GDP Growth rate Towards 2020 Present Indicators Economic Security Technology Strengths Self Reliance Science & Technology is the KEY www.presidentofindia.nic.in