Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance – Rebirth of classical ideas. The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas – political, social, economic and cultural. Emphasis placed on the achievements of individual human beings.

Medieval versus Renaissance Worldview Medieval View Overriding concept: Humanism Importance of philology Importance, return and restoration of classical texts, arts, literature and drama from Greek and Roman Period Idea of a Divine Plan Importance and Hierarchy Allegory Providence Teleology Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600

The Renaissance Began in Italy Renewed interest in Roman literature and life. Ruins of Roman empire dotted the Italian countryside. Crusades and trade with the Middle East Brought Italians into contact with Byzantine civilization. Increased trade brought wealth and wealth brought the leisure time to pursue other interests. Byzantine scholars had preserved much learning from classical Greece and Rome.

Humanism Define “humanism” Humanism – intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. Humanists were usually Christians who believed that the individual in the here and now had an important role to play. Education was important. Emphasis on individual achievement. Emphasis on classical Greek and Roman texts.

Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo Leonardo da Vinci (1452) – artist (Mona Lisa, The Last Supper), inventor ( helicopter, weapons, music box, many more), architect, botanist, musician, anatomy, optics, engineering.

Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo La Giaconda: The Mona Lisa – Louvre Museum, Paris

Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo Helicopter

Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo Trebuchet

Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo Michelangelo – Italian painter and sculptor. Total realism in art. Pieta and David. Murals on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.

Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo The Pieta

Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo The David – Florence, Italy

Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo

Italian Genius of Renaissance Writing - Machiavelli Machiavelli published a book in 1513, The Prince. Theorized about how a perfect ruler would govern. Stressed that the end justifies the means. Urged rulers to use whatever means necessary to achieve their goals.

The Northern Renaissance Renaissance moved to France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. Erasmus – Dutch priest and Humanist. Called for a translation of the Bible from Latin into the vernacular of each nation, so that common people could read it. He was disturbed by the corruption in the Catholic Church and called for reform.

Genius Writers of the Northern Renaissance William Shakespeare – England. Playwright between 1590-1613. Wrote about the actual human condition of his time. Cervantes – Spain. Novelist. Wrote Don Quixote.

The Printing Revolution Printing Press – allowed new ideas to spread more easily. Spread from China to Middle East to Europe. Gutenberg: invented a new type of printing press. Used movable type. Books suddenly within reach of ordinary person.

Protestant Reformation Selling indulgences - The Church taught that most Christians after death went to purgatory to suffer a time of punishment for their sins before going to heaven. Indulgences were intended to remit a part of that time. They were granted previous to death by the Church for various good works that came to include monetary offerings. This last became very controversial because it appeared that the Church was selling the right to avoid all or part of an individual’s time in purgatory.

Protestant Reformation Martin Luther – Catholic priest in Germany who Protested the corruption in the church and proposed reform. Published 95 Theses. Was excommunicated Began his own church – Lutheran Church Translated Bible into German.

Protestant Reformation Anglican Church Protestant Church in England. Begun by Henry VIII in 1534.

Protestant Reformation Anglican Church – Protestant Church in England. Begun by Henry VIII so he could divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.

Protestant Reformation Anglican Church - Protestant Church in England. Begun by Henry VIII so he could divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry married Anne Boleyn, whom he had beheaded only a few years later.

III. Causes of the Scientific Revolution The Italian Renaissance Renewed emphasis on mathematics Renaissance system of patronage Navigational problems of long sea voyages Better scientific instruments

A. Copernicus (1473-1543) Aim to glorify God Sun-centered universe Challenged circular orbits Universe of staggering size

C. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Planetary motion conforms to mathematical formula Elliptical orbits

D. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Early practitioner of the experimental method Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects Law of inertia telescope Tried by the Inquisition

IV. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution Rise of the “Scientific Community” --Royal Society of London (1662) --Academy of Royal Sciences (1666) The modern scientific method A universe ordered according to natural laws

IV. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution (cont) Laws discovered by human reason “De-Spiritualized” and de-mystified the Universe Mechanical View of the Universe Deistic View of God ANCIENT ALIENS ANCIENT ALIENS ANCIENT ALIENS