CS 594: Empirical Methods in HCC Grounded Theory Method Dr. Debaleena Chattopadhyay Department of Computer Science debchatt@uic.edu debaleena.com hci.cs.uic.edu

Recap Structuring the Research Inquiry 1 GTM 2

Let’s revisit… Conceptualization  Operationalization  Measure Analysis Write down a research question. What is the unit of analysis? What do you want to measure? How will you measure it?

Grounded Theory Method 2

Grounded Theory Method GTM offers a rigorous way to explore a domain, with an emphasis on discovering new insights, testing those insights, and building partial understandings into a broader theory of the domain. GTM is concerned with the creation of theory or theory development. GTM is also used for qualitative data analysis and mixed method studies.

Purpose of GTM Exploration Description Explanation GTM = Exploration and description Exploratory studies are most typically done for three purposes: (1) to satisfy the researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding, (2) to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study, and (3) to develop the methods to be employed in any subsequent study. Describing situations and events and systems; Descriptive statistics; usability studies

References and Orientations Glaser & Strauss, 1967 Charmaz (2006) or Corbin and Strauss (2008) GTM is widely used in social sciences. Lately, GTM is being increasingly used for deep qualitative inquiries of human centered computing systems and sociotechnical studies. GTM for structuring data collection and analysis vs. GTM for analysis of completed dataset.

Different Approaches to GTM The application of GTM in HCI and CSCW has been uneven. Some adopt the concept of grounded theory as a full methodology (not very common in HCI) Others make selective use of a subset of GT practices Some use the term “GTM” s a kind of signal to indicate an extended qualitative data analysis. (Frowned upon)

GTM as a way of Knowing Ground Theory Method is concerned with knowing as a human endeavor, using the unique capabilities of humans as active inquirers who construct their interpretations of the world and its phenomena Abductive inference instead of deductive or inductive reasoning. The noun philosophy means the study of proper behavior, and the search for wisdom. The original meaning of the word philosophy comes from the Greek roots philo- meaning "love" and -sophos, or "wisdom."

Err…too much subjectivity? Yes, GTM differs from many conventional “objective” approaches to HCI. Conventional approaches advise a linear sequence of actions in which the researcher (1) defines a theoretical question, (2) collects data, (3) analyzes the data, and (4) interprets the analysis to answer the theoretical question. GTM provides ways of thinking that depend crucially on the iterative development of interpretation and theory, using principles of constant comparison of data-with-data, and data-with-theory.

Abductive Inference and Surprise Deduction proves that something must be Induction shows that something actually is operative Abduction suggests that something may be GTM is abductive inference, concerned with finding new interpretations (theories) for data that do not fit old ideas

Grounded Theory is not a theory GTM puts its emphasis on data, and on thinking about the data. The methods of GTM help researchers to describe data, to build increasingly powerful abstractions based on the data, and to collect additional data that can provide the most effective tests of those abstractions. Theories are constructed of particular phenomena or domains that are “grounded” in the data.

Strauss, instead of Glaser An underlying theoretical framework is sometimes used in HCI Or existing literature

Core Principle of Conducting GTM Constant Comparison: Reading and re-reading data

GTM = Coding, Memoing, & Theorizing codes memos categories theorizing

Coding: describing to knowing Open Coding : initial description Axial Coding: organize the open codes into broader abstractions or more generalized meanings Categories:  A category is a well-understood set of attributes of known relation to one another. Selective Coding: the choice of the core concept, inter-related axial codes Another example might be “deadline pressure,” which might be summarized as “none,” “mild,” “moderate,” or “intense.”

Memos Descriptions of codes and their meanings, thoughts about what might be going on, descriptions of how data fi t (or do not  fi t) the developing theory Comparison of memos sometimes lead to new concepts and new codes Write down the conjectures, your subjective interpretation. Memo-writing is a way for the researcher to construct her/his knowledge, and to put that evidence of knowing  into a concrete form.

Theory: Surprise as a tool What story do I want to tell about the data? Corbin and Strauss focused on finding patterns that were present in the data, using well-defined procedures and coding practices to find the right data, and to describe the phenomena in those data The next step, in beginning to write the report, is to relate this substantive theory to previously published or “formal” theories in the research literature VSD Typing – from secretarial work to tool for knowledge workers

S/w to use NVivo ATLAS.ti demo

GTM in HCI Mostly to analyze completed dataset Mostly to study sociotechnical systems within practice Start with an exisitng theory or literature It would be useful to know which specific coding practices were used in the analysis, and it may also be useful to see a brief recapitulation of the axial coding, leading to the core concept. It would also be useful to know how the research literature was used—e.g., as a source of candidate axial codes, or as a follow-on after the analysis was largely completed.

GTM vs. Topic Model

Take away Qualitative vs. Quantitative: When to use what approach? Used differently in different domain, from s/w development to organization studies Reporting is as important as conducting Positivist vs. Interpretivist tradition of knowing

Upcoming: CITI IRB training – DUE Sep 5, 11:59pm Start thinking about your course projects. Proposal due Sep 24, 11:59pm