THE FRENCH REVOLUTION -Chapter Seven-

The French Revolution During The Enlightenment, Locke’s philosophy stated that “the people” have the RIGHT to overthrow an unjust government. Do YOU agree??? Why or Why not? What would lead you to take part in a violent revolution against your government or another controlling power (your church, parents, principal and staff, etc.) ???

What were some of the CAUSES of the Revolution in France that we discussed on Wednesday?? Debt, unfair taxes, class inequality between the 1st class estates and 2nd class estates, corrupt government, shortage of food.

The Old Regime! 1st Estate-Clergy Makes up 1% of the population The French people were divided into three estates (classes) 1st Estate-Clergy Makes up 1% of the population Roman Catholic Church Hated Enlightenment ideas Pay Taxes: only 2% of income Owned 10% of land 2nd Estate-Nobles Makes up 2% of the population Majority disagreed with enlightenment ideas Paid no taxes Owned 20% of land

3rd Estate-Peasants [split into 2 main groups] Makes up 97% of the population! Pay taxes: 50% of income! Urban workers, middle class,etc.

Borgeoisie [Middle Class] Often had Enlightenment ideas 3rd estate peasants (2 groups) Borgeoisie [Middle Class] Often had Enlightenment ideas Had more social power Bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, skilled workers Lowest class Workers of France: trades people, apprentices, laborers, domestic servants Paid low wages Peasants Made little to no money Made up 80% of the entire 3rd estate

The Revolution started! May 5, 1789 at Versailles King Louis XVI was a weak leader Didn’t listen to advisors Called a meeting of the Estates General Representatives from all three estates came together To approve a new tax to pay off the DEBT of France Fight over voting system

-Bankers refused to give him any more $$$ King Louis XVI -Indebted from war (French and Indian) against Britain for the New World land -Bankers refused to give him any more $$$

The Queen Marie Antoinette -Member of the royal family of Austria -unpopular -“Madame Deficit” bc she spent lots of $$$ on jewels, clothes, etc.

How the Revolution started Third Estate wanted change in the gov’t! has little power in the Estates General – always outvoted Third Estates delegates are locked out of the meeting of the ESTATES GENERAL Decide to meet across the street Discuss change/ uprising!

Tennis Court Oath pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of the meeting They made a “makeshift” conference room at the tennis court set up a constitution!! Members of the Third Estate formed the National Assembly

Fall of the Bastille (July 14th, 1789) Freeing of political prisoners in Paris Jail seen by many as a symbol of tyranny (of the royal’s control over everyone)

The Great Fear Peasants begin to attack members of the 1st and 2nd Estates Burned down houses of the tax enforcers! October 1789 WOMEN revolt! over the rising cost of bread Broke into royal palace! Forced King Louis XVI to leave Versailles and return to Paris

Course of the Revolution National Assembly Establishes the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen [CONSTITUTION] Liberty, equality, and fraternity All people born and treated EQUALLY Seize control of church lands Sold church lands in order to pay off national debt Declared church officials (priests) to be ELECTED as STATE officials

King Louis XVI Tries to Escape! from France to Austrian Netherlands Fearing for his life, the king tries to escape Fails to leave France He and the royal family are jailed (June 1791)

The Legislative Assembly (Sept.1791) driven by two opposing groups first group: members of the bourgeoisie who felt that the revolution had already achieved its goal second group: Jacobins! the king could no longer be trusted and thought more revolutionary measures were necessary Legislative Assembly replaced the National Assembly!! King had power Legislative Assembly came under the control of the Jacobins! abolished the monarchy!! (king) Replaced the Legislative Assembly with The National Convention

The National Convention (1792) Reign of Terror (July 1793-1794) Led by the Committee of Public Safety JACOBIN DICTATOR: Maximilien Robespierre In charge of suppressing ANY opposition ANYONE that went against him DIED brutally Killing everywhere Even killed people who were supportive of revolution but just weren't “radical enough”

The Guillotine! TRIED FOR TREASON Found guilty. The King, Queen, and other “enemies” were executed Over 40,000 people in total July 1794 END OF THE REIGN OF TERROR The Guillotine!

The Rise of Napoleon! One of the world’s GREATEST military leaders 5 feet 3 inches tall The Directory (1795-1799) Extremely weak government 1799-The “coup d'etat” A three-man Consulate replaced the Directory Napoleon was named first consul of the Directory Napoleon takes power like a dictator! Still pretended to be a constitutionally controlled gov’t 1802-Named consul for life!!

Napoleon 1804-Napoleon named emperor As Emperor – Centralized the government Created the Bank of France Reinstated of Roman Catholicism as the state religion Established the Napoleonic Code Uniform set of laws Limited liberty ex: little to no freedom of speech or religion

Napoleon 1804: Took crown from the pope! Signifies: “More power than the church!” Napoleon

The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor Napoleon’s Successes Defeated of Austrians at Marengo (1800) Established French power on the continent Napoleon's defeat of various European countries (1805-10) He installed his relatives and loyalists as leaders in other countries ! He forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to sign peace treaties

Emperor Napoleon’s Mistakes The invasion of England Major defeat of Napoleon 1806 Great Britain closes ports (no trade) Britain still an enemy! The Peninsular War (1808) Fought against the Spain (for five years) British helped Spain Drained French military resources. The invasion of Russia (1812) Russians used “scorched earth policy” (kill food) Thousands of French troops died due to winter conditions Russians burned Moscow (capital) rather than give it to Napoleon

The End of Napoleon By 1813 – All of the major European powers were allied against France 1814 – In March Paris fell to Russia and Prussia Napoleon went into exile into the Mediterranean islands. 1815 – He escaped and marched on the French capital and took control of France for 100 days Last bid to power The Battle of Waterloo Ended his brief second reign The British imprisoned him Island of St Helena, where he died on 5/5/1821

The Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 What was it? International conference that was called to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon

Klemens von Metternich of Austria Duke Wellesley of Great Britain Emperor Alexander I of Russia Karl August von Hardenberg Of Prussia

The Congress of Vienna Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria developed a plan: Containment of France France lost power Other nations (especially those around France) gained tremendous power Balance of Power France still strong, but no country could easily overpower another “No threat” Legitimacy Returning leaders who Napoleon ousted to power Believed it would stabilize international relations

What was the goal of it? Reestablish a balance of power in Europe Establish peace between nations Was it successful? Highly successful - peace lasted almost 40 years Established a German Empire Victory for Conservatives “Europe's first experiment in democracy”

Formation of Alliances Rulers were worried about other nations Formed alliances The Holy Alliance Based on Christian principals to combat the forces of the revolution Russia, Austria, and Prussia The Concert of Europe Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain Set up to protect the status quo Agreed to help each other if revolutions broke out

The Governments of France during the Revolution SUMMARY Old Regime (?-1789) National Assembly (1789-1791) Legislative Assembly (1791-1792) Convention (1792-1795) Directory (1795-1799) Consulate (1799-1800) Emperor Napoleon (1800-1815) Monarchy (1815-)