Circumferential Three-Dimensional–Printed Tracheal Grafts: Research Model Feasibility and Early Results Faiz Y. Bhora, MD, Erik E. Lewis, MD, Sadiq S. Rehmani, MD, Adil Ayub, MD, Wissam Raad, MD, Adnan M. Al-Ayoubi, MD, PhD, Robert S. Lebovics, MD The Annals of Thoracic Surgery Volume 104, Issue 3, Pages 958-963 (September 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.064 Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions
Fig 1 Virtual models of the two different polycaprolactone segment designs: (A) design I and (B) design II. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2017 104, 958-963DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.064) Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions
Fig 2 Example of a constructed graft. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2017 104, 958-963DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.064) Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions
Fig 3 Four-ring native tracheal segment removed from graft recipient. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2017 104, 958-963DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.064) Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions
Fig 4 (A) Surveillance bronchoscopy performed immediately after implantation demonstrates a patent lumen. (B) Bronchoscopy performed 1 week postoperatively demonstrates a patent lumen with appropriate healing and some mucus. (C) Bronchoscopy performed 2 weeks postoperatively shows significant granulation tissue formation. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2017 104, 958-963DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.064) Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions
Fig 5 Histologic cross-section of the graft near the anastomosis confirms extensive (A) circumferential granulation tissue formation and (B) partial epithelialization (hematoxylin and eosin stain; size of the scale is 500 um). The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2017 104, 958-963DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.064) Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions