Chapter 3:Ecosystems and Communities Georgia Performance Standards: Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. Determine how organisms depend on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Define population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere Essential Questions: EQ: How does the change in temperature and climate affect life in different ecosystems and communities? EQ: How are ecosystems organized? EQ: If you had to design another biosphere on another planet, what would you include?

3–1 The Role of Climate Warm-up 1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur? 2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature? 3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others? 4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember? 5. What are two factors that may affect climate? How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation where you live? Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area very dry?

3-1: The Role of Climate Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place. Climate, on the other hand, refers to the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.

The Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect Section 4-1 Sunlight Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range These gases allow solar radiation to enter the biosphere but slows down the loss of heat to space Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface

The Effect of Latitude on Climate As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical.

Climate Zones: Polar - cold areas where the sun’s rays strike Earth at a very low angle. Temperate - sit between the polar zones and the tropics. Tropical - receive direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round, making the climate almost always warm

Heat Transport in the Biosphere The unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat throughout the biosphere. The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air create air currents, or winds, that move heat throughout the atmosphere, from regions of sinking air to regions of rising air . Continents and other landmasses can also affect winds and ocean currents

Warm-up: EQ: What Shapes an Ecosystem? Organisms not only live together in ecological communities, but they also constantly interact with one another. These interactions, which include predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. 2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition.

What Shapes an Ecosystem? Biotic and Abiotic Factors Niche Community Interactions Ecological Succession

Abiotic & Biotic Factors: Abiotic factors are nonliving factors Temperature Humidity Precipitation Wind Nutrient availability Soil type Sunlight Biotic factors are living factors Ecological community Ex: bull frog, what is eats, other organisms with which it interacts.

Abiotic & Biotic Factors: Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives. The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes biotic and abiotic factors.

Niche Habitat is to address as niche is to occupation A niche is an organism’s role or job in an ecosystem. Ex: an organisms place in the food web.(earthworm-decomposer)

Community Interactions Competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can powerfully affect an ecosystem.

Competition Organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive Competitive exclusion principle - no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

Predation An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Ex: Anglerfish on Finding Nemo.

Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together Mutualism – both species benefits Ex: bee and flower Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither hurt nor harmed. Barnacles on whale Parasitism – one species benefits and the other is harmed Flea on dog

Checkpoint!!! How are the three types of symbiotic relationships different? How are they similar?

Ecological Succession Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. Ecological succession - predictable changes that occur in a community over time.

Primary Succession: On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species. occurs on the surfaces formed as volcanic eruptions build new islands or cover the land with lava rock or volcanic ash. occurs on bare rock exposed when glaciers melt.

Secondary Succession: When a disturbance of some kind changes an existing community without removing the soil. Land cleared for farming Wildfires and other natural disasters.

Checkpoint!!! What is the main abiotic factor that distinguishes primary from secondary succession?

Land Biomes Ten different biomes Tropical rain forest Tropical savanna Tropical dry forest Desert Temperate grassland Temperate Woodland & Shrubland Temperate Forest Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal Forest Tundra A biome is a particular physical environment that contains a characteristic assemblage of plants and animals. Characteristics: Climate and Microclimate

Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land Biomes Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Boreal forest (Taiga)

Terrestrial/land Biomes Tundra abiotic factors: cold temp, Poor soil, low rain, long severe winters, permafrost b. biotic factors: least diverse biome, lichens, mosses, small plants, polar bears, reindeer, caribou, arctic foxes, arctic hares Climatograms- show annual precipitation & Temperature What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Figure 20.25h Tundra

Major Biomes 2. Taiga (Boreal Forests) p. 104-climatogram &look at map abiotic factors: summers mild winters long, snowy, cold most spongy areas called bogs Acidic soil b. biotic factors: evergreen trees, moose, bears, elk, wolves, porcupines, hares, bobcats What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Taiga-Boreal Forest

3. Temperate Deciduous forests What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? WHERE WE LIVE!!!! 3. Temperate Deciduous forests -climatogram & look at map abiotic: moderate rainfall summer moderate Winter cold Rich soil b. biotic: (lots of diversity) deciduous trees maples, elms, oaks, shrubs, varied animal life: squirrels, foxes, bears, wildcats, salamanders, snakes, lizards, rabbits, chipmunks

Figure 20.25f Temperate deciduous forest

p.102-climatogram & look at map 4. Temperate Grasslands “The Prairies” abiotic: Moderate rain central part of country warm spring, scorching dry seasons, winters can be snowy biotic: rich soil so lots of grasses- fires help Treeless wheat, oats, barley, corn, bison, antelope, prairie dogs, coyotes, badgers p.102-climatogram & look at map What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Grasslands

Figure 50.25e Temperate grassland

5. Temperate woodland/shrubland (aka) Chaparral Pg. 102 climatogram & look at map Abiotic: mod. Rain Rich soil No trees Biotic: shrubs, coyotes, mt. Lions, bobcats, deer, rabbits, squirrels What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Figure 50.25d Chaparral

Figure 50.25dx Chaparral

6. Tropical Savanna: special type of grassland a. Abiotic warm all year Clay soil b. Biotic Do have some trees animals: zebra, antelopes, gazelles, elephants, wildebeest, giraffes What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Figure 50.25b Savanna

Figure 50.25bx Savanna

Highest diversity here Trees in layers/zones 7. Tropical Rain forest abiotic: Lots of rain hot temperature Poor soil b. biotic: Highest diversity here Trees in layers/zones vines, ferns, large flowering trees, insects, birds, monkeys, snakes, lizards, jaguars, panthers What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Figure 50.25a Tropical forests

8. Tropical Dry forest abiotic: Mild temp Rich soil Rain seasonal b. biotic: Deciduous trees Tigers Monkeys Elephants rhinos Pg. 100 climatogram & look at map What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Moderate diversity-nocturnal animals Pg. 101 climatogram & look at map 9. Desert abiotic: Sandy rainfall: less than 20 cm hot, dry regions Poor soil b. biotic: cacti, insects, birds, iguanas, gila monsters, horned lizards, kangaroo rats, scorpions, spiders, snakes Moderate diversity-nocturnal animals Pg. 101 climatogram & look at map What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Figure 50.25c Deserts

Northwestern Coniferous forest: (aka Temperate rain forest) Abiotic: High rain fall Summer mild; winter cool Soil is acidic & rocky Biotic: redwoods, flowering shrubs, bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats Pg. 103 climatogram & look at map-Northern Pacific coast of U.S. What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Figure 20.25g Coniferous forests

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 1. Marine: Abiotic: salt water, distribution of life dependent on water temperature and light Biotic: plankton, starfish, whales, sharks, squid, rays 2. Freshwater: Abiotic: lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, contain little salt, life distribution is dependent on dissolved oxygen content Biotic: algae, catfish, carp, bass, trout, mosses, flowering lilies, frogs What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

Aquatic Ecosystems: Determined primarily by the Depth Flow Temperature Chemistry of the underlying water Grouped according to the abiotic factors that affect them

Figure 50.23 Examples of marine biomes

Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4-4 Spoonbill Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the surface. The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Fish share the pond with turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Duck Water lilies Frog Dragonfly Mosquito larvae Duckweed Phytoplankton Snail Pickerel Diving beetle Trout Hydra Crayfish Snail Benthic crustaceans Go to Section:

Freshwater Ecosystems Flowing-water ecosystems Ex: rivers, streams, creeks, brooks. Originate in mountains or hills, and often spring from an underground water source. Standing water ecosystems Ex: Lakes and ponds H2O circulation helps distribute heat, oxygen, and nutrients. Plankton, phytoplankton, and zooplankton

Freshwater Wetlands Three main types: Bogs Marshes Swamps An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year. Water is either flowing or standing, and a mix of fresh and salt water. Breeding grounds for insects, fish, and other aquatic animals, amphibians, and migratory birds. Three main types: Bogs Marshes Swamps

Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4-4 Spoonbill Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the surface. The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Fish share the pond with turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Duck Water lilies Frog Dragonfly Mosquito larvae Duckweed Phytoplankton Snail Pickerel Diving beetle Trout Hydra Crayfish Snail Benthic crustaceans Go to Section:

Estuaries Wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea. Mixture of fresh and salt water. Affected by the rise and fall of ocean tides. Many are shallow. Estuary food webs differ: Most primary production is not consumed by herbivores Much of that organic material enters the food web as detritus Spawning grounds for many fish and shellfish Types: Salt marshes = temperate zone estuaries that are dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by seagrasses under water. Mangrove swamps = coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions. Salt-tolerant trees (mangroves) Spawning grounds Ex: Florida’s Everglades National Park

Marine Ecosystems Classified by photic and aphotic zones. Oceans are divided into zones based on the depth an distance from shore Each zone supports distinct ecological communities. Intertidal zone Coastal ocean Open ocean Benthic zone ???

Intertidal Zone: Coastal Ocean: Characterized by all areas exposed to fluctuations in tidal height. Different types of communities. One type of wetland Specialized vegetation Coastal Ocean: Extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf Rich in plankton Coral Reefs = animals whose hard, calcium carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure. Coral animals live in symbiosis with algae that lives in the coral reef.

Benthic Zone: Open Ocean: The seafloor Characterized by communitites of invertebrates and fish May include photosynthetic organisms (depending on depth) Open Ocean: Includes all the water and is a major habitat for phytoplankton and zooplankton, and highly motile marine invertebrates, fish, and mammals. Aphotic & photic zones

Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem Section 4-4 land Photic zone 200m Coastal ocean 1000m Open ocean 4000m Aphotic zone 6000m Ocean trench 10,000m Continental shelf Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain Go to Section:

Checkpoint!!!  How might the damming of a river affect an estuary at the river’s mouth? In general, temperature is an important abiotic factor shaping biomes on land, but it is less important in the ocean. In the ocean, light is an important abiotic factor, but it is less important on land. Explain why these factors differ in importance on land and in the sea.