Chapter 16 The Crisis of Union

APUSH PowerPoint #4.6 (Part 1 of 1) Unit #5 Chapter 12 BFW Textbook TOPIC – Sectional Conflict & Crisis [1844-1861]

I. Slavery in the Territories

A. Proposals Wilmot Proviso Calhoun’s Resolutions Popular Sovereignty a. David Wilmot (Democratic- PA) b. Pro-Texas as a slave state c. Against the spread of slavery in new territories d. Senate votes against it Calhoun’s Resolutions Popular Sovereignty

A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .) Calhoun’s Resolutions a. John C. Calhoun had no apology for slavery b. Violation of the Fifth’s Amendment (Cannot deprive someone of their life, liberty, or property

A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .) Popular Sovereignty a. Supported by a new brand of moderates: Thomas Hart Benton (Missouri), Lewis Cass (Michigan), and Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois) b. “Squatter Sovereignty” c. Citizens in a territory used democratic principles to decide which way the territory would become

B. Oregon as Free State Support for Oregon as a Free State Polk’s Endorsement

C. Election of 1848 Whigs & Taylor a. The Wilmot Proviso fueled the debate over slavery in the 1848 Presidential Election. b. Several factions united in support of the Wilmot Proviso.

C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . ) Free-soil Coalition a. Barnburners (New York antislavery supporters of Martin Van Buren). b. Conscience Whigs (Massachusetts opponents of slavery who disapproved of Zachary Taylor). c. Liberty Party (Organized in 1840) d. Martin Van Buren (nominated by the Free-Soilers)

C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . ) Free-Soil Party a. Political formed in 1848 to pledge the end of the expansion of slavery. b. Promised “free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.” c. Nominated Martin Van Buren

Presidential Election of 1848 Results

Zachary Taylor 12th President 1849--1850 Party: Whig Home State: Louisiana Vice President: Millard Fillmore

Zachary Taylor Domestic Opposed the Compromise of 1850 Nickname “Old Rough & Ready” Second president to die in office (1850) Foreign

D. California “Gold Rush” a. Migration began the moment gold was discovered (January 24, 1848) b. The mining frontier began and continued to grow as new concepts of mining were used to acquire gold

D. California (Cont’d . . .) Statehood a. In 1849, California’s 80,000 residents drafted a state constitution and asked to be admitted as a “free” state. b. California’s petition for statehood sparked more controversy in 1850.

II. The Compromise of 1850

A. The Context Controversies Participants a. Slavery in California? b. President Taylor supported free-state status c. Battle in Congress (pro- versus anti-slavery forces) Participants

B. Initial Positions Clay’s Eight Proposals a. Admit California as “free state” b. Organize Utah and New Mexico as territories c. Deny Texas claim to New Mexico’s territory d. Pre-annexation Texas debts paid by Federals e. Maintain legal slavery status in nation’s capital f. Support federal “fugitive Slave Act” g. Interstate slave trade should be denied to Congress

B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .) Calhoun’s Reply (March 4, 1850) a. Support of states’ rights (including new territories) b. Return of fugitive slaves to the South c. Equilibrium to the Senate Webster’s Plea for Union Seward’s Antislavery Reply Comprehensive Bill

B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .) The Great Debate of 1850

C. Reaching a Compromise Fillmore Succeeds Taylor a. President Zachary Taylor opposed the compromise, but died in the summer of 1850. b. Vice-President Millard Fillmore supported the Compromise.

Millard Fillmore 13th President 1850--1853 Party: Whig Home State: New York Vice President: None

Millard Fillmore Domestic Second Vice President to become President following the death of Zachary Taylor Supported the Compromise of 1850 Signed the Fugitive Slave Act (1850) Foreign

C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .) Douglas’s Strategy a. Illinois Senator who was nicknamed, “the Little Giant” b. Helped support the Compromise in Congress which was broken into five distinct plans

C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .) Terms of Compromise California was admitted as a free state. Declared the unorganized western territories free. Utah and New Mexico territories were able to decide the slave issue by popular sovereignty. The Fugitive Slave Act would be passed with stricter laws. The slave trade in Washington, D.C. was prohibited.

C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .) Compromise of 1850

D. Antislavery Reaction Protests Against Fugitive Slave Law a. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 struck a cord in the North as abolitionists attacked it morally. Personal Liberty Laws a. Northern states passed the “liberty” statutes to allow states to arrest slave catchers. b. Abolitionists organized and violence broke out in the west and the border states.

D. Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .) Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Authored by Harriett Beecher Stowe. The story portrayed the evils of slavery in the South. The novel sold hundreds of thousands of copies both in the United States and Europe in the early 1850s. The significance was an increase in abolitionist activity in the North and a flurry of anti-slavery rhetoric in Europe.

D. Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .) Harriett Beecher Stowe

E. Election of 1852 Candidates a. The Whig Party ran Winfield Scott. b. The Democratic Party ran Franklin Pierce. c. Whigs offered resistance to the Compromise of 1850, while Democrats continued its support. d. Franklin Pierce won the election due to his Northern ties (home state of New Hampshire) and Southern support on the slave issue.

E. Election of 1852

14th President 1853--1857 Franklin Pierce Party: Democratic Home State: New Hampshire Vice President: William Rufus King

Franklin Pierce Domestic Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Sent troops into “Bleeding Kansas” Foreign

III. Foreign Affairs

A. Ostend Manifesto Cuba a. Issues over Cuba (a colony of Spain) b. Spain’s navy harassed American shipping Ostend Manifesto a. A statement by the Pierce Administration that if Spain refused to sell Cuba, then it would be taken by force b. When news of the Manifesto reached the papers, it was quickly disavowed

B. Diplomacy in the Pacific Opening of China a. Missionary work b. Opened for trade in 1858 Commodore Perry in Japan a. Mathew Perry was sent in 1853 to open up trade in Japan b. Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

IV. Kansas-Nebraska Controversy

A. Transcontinental Railroad Gadsden Purchase of 1853 a. Need for a railroad b. 30,000 square miles Douglas’s Nebraska Bill a. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 b. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise c. Antislavery Opposition

A. Transcontinental Railroad (Cont’d . . .) Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 a. The division of the Unorganized Territory into Kansas and Nebraska territories. b. The use of popular sovereignty would decide the issue of slavery. c. By allowing popular sovereignty in the territory, the act overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

A. Transcontinental Railroad (Cont’d . . .)

B. Emergence of the Republican Party End of the Whigs Party American “Know-Nothing” Party New Coalition Party (Republican Party) a. Formed in 1854 (Founder, Horace Greeley) b. Made up primarily of Northerners (antislavery Whigs, antislavery Democrats, and independent Free-Soilers

C. Battle of Kansas Settlement (Pro- and Anti-slavery forces) Elections Clash of Governments

C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .) John Brown a. Radical abolitionist who came to Kansas to keep slavery out of the state. b. Attacked the pro-slavery town of Pottawatomie by executing five pro-slavery Southerners.

C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .) Pottawatomie Massacre (May 24-25, 1856) a. Led by John Brown following the “Sack of Lawrence. b. Five pro-slavers were massacred in the streets.

C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .) “Crime Against Kansas” Speech (May 20, 1856) Delivered by Charles Sumner who attacked Southerners (including South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler). Within days, the nephew of Andrew Butler (Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina) walked into the Senate, cornered Sumner, and beat him with a cane. Brooks was removed from office (only to be re-elected two years later), Sumner was in a coma for three years.

C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .) Brooks-Sumner Clash in Congress

D. Presidential Election of 1856 a. The Democratic Party nominated James Buchanan. b. The American “Know-Nothing” Party nominated former president Millard Fillmore. c. The new Republican Party nominated John C. Fremont (hero of the “Bear Flag Revolt.” d. The election would go to James Buchanan.

D. Presidential Election of 1856 (Cont’d . . .)

James Buchanan 15th President 1857--1861 Party: Democratic Home State: Pennsylvania Vice President: John C. Breckenridge

James Buchanan Foreign Domestic The Supreme Court rules against Dred Scott (1857) Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates (1858) President during the Raid at Harper’s Ferry (1859). President as the Confederate States of America was formed. Foreign

V. Worsening of the Crisis under Buchanan

A. The Dred Scott Decision The Dred Scott Case of 1857 a. Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. b. When his owner died, Dred Scott sued for his freedom. c. The Supreme Court (under the leadership of Roger B. Taney) ruled against Scott. d. The court stated that Scott was not a citizen and that the Missouri Compromise had violated the 5th Amendment.

A. The Dred Scott Decision (Cont’d . . .) Roger Taney

B. Movement for Kansas Statehood Governor Walker’s Efforts Defeat of the Lecompton Constitution

C. Financial Panic of 1857 Causes Sectional Reactions

D. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Abraham Lincoln a. Abraham Lincoln (raised in rural poverty and self- taught) was a lawyer and former anti-slavery Whig. b. He had been elected to the House of Representatives and opposed Texas annexation in 1845, but had supported California’s entry into the Union in 1850. c. Lincoln was opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and became active in the new Republican Party.

D. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (Cont’d . . .) The “Little Giant” Debates “Honest Abe” (1858)

E. John Brown’s Raid The Raid at Harper’s Ferry a. John Brown recruited an army of 19 abolitionists to carry out a slave revolt in Virginia. b. Lt. Colonel Robert Lee seized the armory and took Brown into custody.

E. John Brown’s Raid (Cont’d . . .) John Brown’s Execution a. Brown was tried, convicted, and hanged becoming a martyr for Northerners and hated by Southerners. b. The potential for Brown’s raid to succeed struck fear into the hearts of Southerners.

VI. Election of 1860

Presidential Election of 1860 The following issues were brought to the forefront in 1860: The execution of John Brown, The violence of “Bleeding Kansas,” The results of the Dred Scott case, The morality of the Fugitive Slave Act, The southern support for “states rights”

A. Democrats Deadlocked Convention “Rump” Democrats Nominate Douglas “Pro-slavers” Name Breckenridge

B. Republicans Nominate Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (Republican)

C. Constitutional Union Party John Bell (Constitutional-Union)

D. The Campaign Presidential Election of 1860 (Issues) a. The execution of John Brown, b. The violence of “Bleeding Kansas,” c. The results of the Dred Scott case, d. The morality of the Fugitive Slave Act, e. The southern support for “states rights”

E. Results Presidential Election of 1860 Lincoln won the election from the splintering of other the parties. Lincoln received only 40% of the Popular Vote (mostly in the North), but did receive almost 60% of the Electoral Vote. The Election of 1860 demonstrated that there were no longer any national parties (only sectional parties tied to economic self-interest). The gap between North and South had widened to a point of two virtual nations: industrial and agricultural.

E. Results (Cont’d . . .)

VI. Secession

A. Deep South Acts Confederate States of America a. The seven seceding states which formed a government with a written constitution. b. It stressed the independence of each state and protected slavery.

A. Deep South Acts (Cont’d . . .) Confederate States of America (CSA)

B. Buchanan’s Reaction Buchanan Speaks Out a. December 3, 1860 Speech b. Blamed Northern “agitators” c. No legal claim for seceding states d. “Lame-Duck Presidency”

C. Federal Property in Seceded South Seizing Property a. Federal arsenals b. Fort Sumter (Charleston Harbor, SC)

D. Last Compromise Attempts Crittenden Compromise- a. A final attempt of compromise offered by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to offer slavery in the western territories as well as reimbursement to Southerners for runaway slaves. b. It would have become the 13th Amendment guaranteeing slavery, instead, it was voted down.

D. Last Compromise Attempts (Cont’d . . . )

Making Connections – Chapter 16 Through the 1850s, most of the debate over slavery concerned the expansion of slavery into the territories; with Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. Discussed in the next chapter, the issue shifted to slavery itself.

Making Connections – Chapter 16 Many of the Radical Republicans who designed Reconstruction (Chapter 18) had been anti-slavery Republicans before the war.

Making Connections – Chapter 16 The proposed transcontinental railroad that had brought about the Kansas-Nebraska crisis would finally be completed in 1869 (Chapter 20).