Monday 4/7/2016 A Growing Nation: Jefferson (Roughly Chapters 11-12) APUSH REVIEW SESSION #5 Monday 4/7/2016 A Growing Nation: Jefferson (Roughly Chapters 11-12)

The Jefferson Presidency Part Four The Jefferson Presidency © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Republican Agrarianism Thomas Jefferson emerged as a strong president with strong party backing. Jefferson’s ideal was an agrarian republic of roughly equal yeoman farmers. America’s abundant land allowed Jefferson to envision a nation of small family farms. Refer to photo of Thomas Jefferson. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tall, ungainly, and diffident in manner, Thomas Jefferson was nonetheless a man of genius: an architect, naturalist, philosopher and politician. His political philosophy, republican agrarianism, is illustrated by this symbol of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, in which the farmer exemplifies Jefferson’s hopes for America. As he said, “those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God.” . © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Jefferson’s Government Jefferson’s promise to reduce the size of the federal government. The unfinished state of the nation’s capital reflected the emphasis on local communities. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

An Independent Judiciary While removing Federalist officeholders, Jefferson provoked a landmark Supreme Court decision. Marbury v. Madison did not restore William Marbury to his post, but it established the principle of judicial review and an independent judiciary. *Now the court could determine the constitutionality of a law © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Opportunity: The Louisiana Purchase Map: Louisiana Purchase The conflict between France and Britain threatened American security. Napoleon’s acquisition of the Louisiana Territory threatened American access to the Mississippi River. Jefferson attempted to buy New Orleans, but accepted the French offer to buy the entire territory. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States, fulfilling Jefferson’s desire for continued expansion.

MAP 9.2 Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the largest peaceful acquisition of territory in U.S. history, more than doubled the size of the nation. The Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–06) was the first to survey and document the natural and human richness of the area. The American sense of expansiveness and continental destiny owes more to the extraordinary opportunity provided by the Louisiana Purchase than to other factors. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Incorporating Louisiana The immediate issue was how to incorporate the French and Spanish inhabitants of the Louisiana territory. The solution was to maintain aspects of French institutions in Louisiana. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark are sent out with the Corps of Discovery Lewis was the Military Leader Clark was the map maker © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

York: Clark’s slave/ lead hunter

Sacagawea (Shoshone woman) and Jean Baptiste

Successes/ Results The U.S. gained an extensive knowledge of the geography of the American West in the form of maps of major rivers and mountain ranges Observed and described 178 plants and 122 species and subspecies of animals Encouraged Euro-American fur trade in the West Opened Euro-American diplomatic relations with the Indians Established a precedent for Army exploration of the West Strengthened the U.S. claim to Oregon Territory Focused U.S. and media attention on the West Produced a large body of literature about the West (the Lewis and Clark diaries)

Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America Part Five Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 14

Problems with Neutral Rights In his second term, Jefferson faced problems protecting American neutrality. British ships seized American vessels trading in the French West Indies and impressed sailors into the Royal Navy. Impressment is the act of forcing someone into service © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 15

The Embargo Act Congress first imposed a boycott and then passed the Embargo Act on foreign commerce that: did not change British policy; caused a deep depression; and led to widespread smuggling. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 16

Jefferson’s Presidency in short Jefferson wanted a country of small, independent farmers Jefferson doubled the size of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson passed the Embargo Act of 1807 in order to stop the British from seizing our sailors on the sea

Madison and the Failure of “Peaceable Coercion” During the presidency of James Madison, the Embargo Act was repealed. Other similar acts passed later also proved ineffective. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 18

A Contradictory Indian Policy Indian affairs remained among the most difficult foreign problems. Western tribes resisted American incursion into their territory. Jefferson hoped that Indians would either be converted to white civilization or moved across the Mississippi River. Neither policy won much Indian support. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 19

Indian Resistance The Shawnee emerged as the leading force of Indian resistance in the Ohio Valley. Tecumseh sought refuge further west. His brother, Tenskwatawa, The Prophet, called for a rejection of white ways. Tecumseh formed a pan-Indian confederacy and was initially defensive but soon advocated military resistance. While Tecumseh was in the South, a American army defeated Tenskwatawa’s followers at Tippecanoe. In response, Tecumseh formally allied with the British. Map: Indian Resistance, 1790-1816 Refer to photo of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 20

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Part Six The War of 1812 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 21

Madison’s declaration of war received no Federalist support. The War Hawks Map: War of 1812 Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun were leaders of a new generation of War Hawks from the South and West that supported war as a means of expansion. Madison’s declaration of war received no Federalist support. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 22

Washington Burned to the Ground

The Hartford Convention Continued opposition from New England led to the Hartford Convention. Federalists demanded redress of grievances though they dropped talk of secession. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 24

The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent ended the war without addressing the major grievances, but the British did agree to evacuate the western forts. Andrew Jackson’s victory at New Orleans saved American pride. The war also ended lingering feelings of American colonial dependency. The Indians were the only clear losers. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 25

Battle of New Orleans

The War of 1812 in short The War of 1812 was started over Impressment of sailors and the fact that the British were arming Native Americans on the United States frontier The war was a stalemate, we burned the capital in York, Canada and they burned Washington DC The Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but the most famous battle was fought after the treaty was signed (Battle of New Orleans- American Victory were Andrew Jackson rose to fame)

Defining the Boundaries Part Seven Defining the Boundaries © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 28

The Election of 1816 and the Era of Good Feelings James Monroe presided over the post-war “era of good feelings.” Monroe had no opponent in 1820. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 29

The American System: Henry Clay Monroe brought former Federalists into his cabinet. Madison and Monroe broke with Jefferson’s agrarianism and embraced the Federalist program for economic development The American System included: The establishment of a national bank A tax on imported goods to protect American manufacturers A national system of roads and canals © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 30

The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams Map: John Quincy Adams’s Border Treaties Secretary of State John Quincy Adams laid the foundation for continued expansion. Two treaties with Britain established a demilitarized Canadian border and provided for the joint occupation of Oregon. The Adams-Onís Treaty turned over Florida to the United States and relinquished claims to Louisiana in 1821. Adams defined the response of the United States to emerging nations in the Western Hemisphere by designing the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine outlawed any NEW European colonization in the New World (Western Hemisphere) © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 31

The Missouri Compromise Map: The Missouri Compromise Effort to admit Missouri into the Union as a slave state created a crisis. Northerners opposed the creation of new slave states because it would tip the balance between slave and free states. Southerners sought to expand slavery and were concerned that Congress would even consider the matter. Henry Clay forged a compromise that maintained the balance between free and slave states. Maine was admitted as a free slave state and slavery was barred north of Missouri’s southern boundary. 32 32

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 33

Big Themes Judicial Review- Sup. Court Determine the constitutionality of a law L & C Expansion West- Doubled the size of the US War of 1812- Impressment of sailors- made Jackson a hero Era of Good Feelings- 1 political party American System developed help better America’s transportation, national bank Missouri Compromise- how they would decide the slave states and free states