Hybrid ; Clean and Fuel Saving Technology for the Current and Future Vehicles OICA/JAMA Hirose Katsuhiko/Toyota Motor Corporation Thank you chairman. I am going to present the one of the high potential technology for the future, called Hybrid. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

What are possible with hybrid? First of all what are possible with hybrid? Next please. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Hybridization This is the fuel economy of latest vehicles. Red line show the average of the conventional vehicles, green line is the average of the hybrid vehicles. Fuel economy is almost doubled with this technology. Next please Hybrid vehicle vs conventional vehicles K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Fuel Consumption on Various Driving Cycles Conventional Vehicle: IW 1250 kg with Automatic Transmission, L4 - 1.5L Engine Japanese 10-15 mode (22.7km/h) Prius Conventional Vehicle ECE mode (33.6km/h) US-FTP (48.2km/h) Traffic jam mode (11.4km/h) However does hybrid double the fuel economy always. This graph shows the fuel consumption in the various driving conditions. This is the This is the fuel consumption improvement on various driving cycles. Fuel consumption is halved for the city driving Highway mode (Average speed 100km/h) 2 4 6 8 10 12 Fuel Consumption ( liter/ 100 km ) Source:Toyota data K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 What is hybrid? First of all What is hybrid. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 What is hybrid? “At least 2 different energy converters and 2 different energy sources for the vehicle propulsion” As shown here, definition the hybrid vehicle is “ At least 2 different energy converters and 2 different energy sources for the vehicle propulsion” This is two wide because it include any advanced hybrid which may come in future. I will explain the current example. Next please. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Hybrid System Series hybrid Parallel Hybrid Battery Battery Inverter Inverter Engine Engine There are two kinds of hybrid systems on the road, called series hybrid and parallel hybrid. This is the a schematic graph of both technologies. Series hybrid use an engine to generate electricity, and an electric motor to drive the automobile. The engine operates at an almost constant speed, independent from the driving condition. This results in better fuel economy and greatly reduced emissions in city driving, but needs very large batteries and motors if the car shall perform like a today’s normal passenger car. This type of hybrid is rather miner because expensive big battery is necessary. Next one called parallel hybrid,currently most of the hybrid on the road is this type. Parallel hybrid systems, on the other hand, connect both engine and motor to the drive shaft. Either or both of the power plants can be used to drive the car. The system offers performance very close to that of conventional IC engine powered automobiles. Next please Generator Motor Transmission Motor K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

Energy Management Hybrid + Energy help acceleration Energy Storage(Battery) 1min10sec Storage of excess energy Recovery of braking energy Energy Acceleration Engine turns off Energy Management Hybrid　 Time Why and how the hybrid are able to improve fuel consumption. This is the energy management system of the hybrid electric vehicle system When the vehicle is accelerated energy from the battery helps to accelerate the veicle and when the vehicle is cruising, system generates electricity to charge the battery and when the vehicle is decelerated, vehicle kinetic energy can be recovered. Then energy is stored in the battery and can be used for the next propulsion. This system optimize the energy use of the vehicle. Engine output energy with maximum efficiency - Deceleration K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

Regenerative Brake (25%) Analysis for Fuel Economy １ Efficiency Increase Engine Efficiency Electric CVT (50%） Efficiency Increase Engine Efficiency Electric CVT (45%） Fuel Economy Improvement Rate Regenerative Brake (25%) Regenerative Brake (30%) Engine Stop (25%) I said fuel economy doubled. This is the analysis of the improvement. Please note that 30% of the fuel economy improvement is due the regenerative brake. This energy is normally waste as a heat. Next please. Engine Stop (10%) Japanese 10-15mode US City mode (LA#４) K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Evolution of Vehicle thermal efficiency Vehicle Total Thermal Efficiency 30 HV A 2000 Hybridization HV-A 1997 20 Base Vehicle 10 Oil Crisis １９００ ２０００ K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

Market Penetration of Future Power Source Technology High efficiency, Low emission, Reliability, etc. Product Performance, Price Market Condition Fuel, Infrastructure, Technical standard, Tax, etc. 32sec K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Product Future vehicle requirements Good performance High efficiency Low environmental impacts Cost effective K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Good Performance Mid range acceleration 5 HV-A 2000/1.5L Good Mid range acceleration due to the rich motor torque Good Practical Performance Attractive Product for the customers HV B 1.5L　Ａ/Ｔ 10 ハイブリッドはモーターの高いトルクを使う事によって 実用的な中間加速を大きく改良できるポテンシャルを持っています。 この図はプリウスの中間加速を示した物ですが既に同じクラスの車に比べて大変良い中間加速を示しており今後の改良では更に良くなる可能性を示しています。 　Ａ/Ｔ 80- 110 15 Good 10 km/h （Sec） Acceleration　0-100km/h（Sec） K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Low Environmental Impact (CO2 ) Well to Wheel CO2 Emissions EC mode MPI-SI(Gasoline) Current DISI DICI(Diesel) CNG Hybrid THS(Gasoline) Future Tech EV *1 Hydrogen FCHV Well to Wheel　CO2 *2 Onboard Reform FCHV Next is the environmental　impacts. This the well to wheel copmarison of several technology in term of the CO2 emission. Hybrid is the lowest CO2 emission among the currently available technologies. 0.5 1 1.5 2 CO2 emission (MPI-SI =1) *1: Made from CNG. *2: CO2 emission of FCV is an estimation. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

Low Environmental Impacts (Emissions) ppmc 50 ULEV Gasoline Engine approaching Ambient Air level Hybrids help catalyst warm up hence reach very low emission level Gas Concentration Cold start emission Hot start emission 5 Prius SULEV This is the emission potential of the hybrid vehicle. Hybrid system also improve emission reduction. In term of hydrocarbon emission, engineers already achieved hot emission is cleaner than the city ambient air quality. I believe that no one will blame the air pollution to automobiles in near future. City　Air 96 98 00 02 04 Year K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Cost EV High Price Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Vehicle HEV Price Final but most difficult barrier for the market is price. Hybrid is much cheaper than the electric vehicle. Because of the amaller battery size. However hybrid need extra energy storage which is additional component from the conventional vehicles. I would like to say hybrid is cost effective technology but still a big issue as a product. Low K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Summery Does Hybrid meets future vehicle requirements Good performance High efficiency Low environmental impacts Cost effective High Cost/Price is still a big issue to be solved. Yes Yes Yes Yes K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

Hybrid ; Phase to spread Hybrid Vehicles - Phase to spreads Laboratory 1997 PC Strong HV 2001: Mild HV Mild Hybrid System 52sec 1999 Sport Car HV 2001 minivan HV 1997 Series hybrid system Hybrid ; Phase to spread These are the hybrid vehicle now you can purchase at the car dealer. Hybrid technology is now in the phase to spread after the long laboratory phase.. K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

Sales Volume (EV vs. Hybrid) 100,000+ 30,000 Hybrid EV number of units sold This graph shows the number of electric vehicles registered throughout the world to date, in addition to the number of Prius vehicles sold in Japan since 1997. In addition to the overall excellence of vehicle performance, thanks to a combination of governmental subsidies, a reduction in vehicle acquisition tax and the vehicle’s environmentally-friendliness, the first generation Prius achieved overall sales of over 50,000 units. As you can see from the graph, the hybrid vehicle has been and continues to be acknowledged on the market as a mass production green energy vehicle, having surpassed 30 years of EVs, in terms of number of units sold, in approximately 20 months on the market. Next please 1970 1990 2000 year K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02 Hybrid Most promising technology Proved high efficiency Market acceptable more than 100000 vehicles now on the road since1997 Cost/Price is still big issue Real mass production necessary to lower to the comparable cost with conventional vehicles K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

For the environmental technologies Industry makes effort to enhance performance and product customer acceptability. Corroboration with government to lower the barrier for the customer to adopt those technologies. ----> enhance both emission and CO2 reduction Mass penetration Explain according to the slide K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

for Automobile Evolution Hybrid ＝ Core Technology for Automobile Evolution Core technology HV G-HV CNG-HV D-HV H2FC-HV XFC-HV XX-HV 21st century 55sec （1min8sec） Around 2000 Core technology ICE HV CNG Diesel Gasoline HV is the Core technologies for the 21st Century. Around 1900 Gasoline vehicle Steam EV K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02

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Characteristics of HV Systems Better Strong HV EV Driving 53sec Motor Asist Mild HV Fuel Economy Regeneration Brake Idling Stop I explain the hybrid today, however hybrid technologies varies from just start and go system to the full hybrid called strong. Many kind of hybrid are now under development. Idling Stop Mild Strong Higher Idling Stop Price HV K.Hirose OICA/JAMA Geneva 02/02