PAPER 2: Challenges in the human environment SECTION C: The Challenge of Resource Management KEY IDEA: Water 1

(Physically scarce of water) I can name an area in the world that has a water deficit because of climate, geology and over abstraction. (Physically scarce of water) Climate: Arizona and Ethiopia Geology: Lack of underground aquifer Over abstraction: Arizona

I can name an area in the world that has a water surplus. Surplus (more water than needs) North West UK (high rainfall/ low population) Brazil (High rainfall)

I can name an area in the world that has a water deficit because of climate, limited infrastructure and poverty. Case Study: Ethiopia, Africa 25 litres a day No piped water LIC – government not build Only wells or containers from rivers

Case Study: Arizona, USA I can explain why economic development and rising population are causing increasing water consumption. Case Study: Arizona, USA Rising population: Arizona has two of the fastest growing cities in the USA (more people- more water) Economic development: the USA is a HIC – afford more water in homes/ leisure/ gardens/ farming

Waterborne Disease Over Abstraction Conflict/ Tensions Poverty I can explain the impacts of water insecurity such as waterborne diseases, water pollution, food production, industrial output, potential for conflict. Waterborne Disease Over Abstraction Due to lack of water no flushing toilets or cleaning hands means disease like cholera spreads and kills. No surface water means people pump from underground. Rivers and lakes on the surface will lose water and dry up. Conflict/ Tensions Poverty People fight over taps/ wells/ lakes as the only water to ensure survival. Walk to get water means no school or no job. Means less income.

I can name 4 large scale strategies to increase water supply. Water Transfer Dams Desalination Reservoirs

South to North Water Transfer project (SNWTP) I can state the advantages and disadvantages of a large scale water transfer scheme. Positive Negative Social: Displacement of people to build Economic: $79 billion to build (most expensive water project ever!) Environmental: Less water for people in the south Social: 12 trillion gallons more safe water so 200 million people healthier Economic: more water can be used in factories to produce goods. More farming to make money. Environmental: habitats on the reservoirs South to North Water Transfer project (SNWTP)

I can name at least 4 sustainable water strategies.

I can describe how at least two of the sustainable water strategies work.

Hitosa, Ethiopia Gravity Fed Water Pipe I can state the advantages and disadvantages of a local small scale water scheme. Hitosa, Ethiopia Gravity Fed Water Pipe Social: locals could help build and use the water pumped from mountains. Water is clean and people healthier. Economic: not having to waste time collecting water means people can go to school or work more and earn money/ cheap affordable scheme. Environmental: water comes clean from a natural source in the mountains Social: hygiene education not provided so even with clean water hygiene means people still suffer disease Economic: pipe would be expensive to fix if breaks Environmental: agriculture using up too much of the water