What do I remember? What is atherosclerosis? What causes atherosclerosis to occur? What effect does atherosclerosis have on arteries and blood pressure? Which cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis associated with?

Unit 2 Physiology and Health 4. Diabetes Higher Human Biology Unit 2 Physiology and Health 4. Diabetes

What do I need to know? What is the effect of chronically elevated blood glucose levels on blood vessels? What cardiovascular diseases are a consequence of atherosclerosis? (Revision!!) What is insulin the hormone for? What is glucagon the hormone for? Explain the negative feedback control of blood glucose What effect does adrenaline have on blood glucose levels? What’s the difference between the two types of diabetes?

What effect does high blood glucose have on blood vessels? Normal blood glucose levels ~5mmol/l Untreated diabetes blood glucose levels ~30mmol/l These elevated blood glucose levels cause endothelial cells of blood vessels to absorb more glucose than they should Leads to atherosclerosis peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disease and stroke

Which diseases are a consequence of atherosclerosis? This is revision!! What are they?

Cardiovascular Diseases associated with Atherosclerosis Angina Heart attack Pain subsides with rest

Diseases associated with Atherosclerosis Stroke Peripheral vascular disease Pain felt in muscles to due inadequate blood flow

What hormones are involved in blood glucose control? Insulin Glucagon High blood glucose Pancreatic receptors cause secretion of insulin Insulin activates conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver Blood glucose level decreases Low blood glucose Pancreatic receptors cause secretion of glucagon Glucagon activates conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver Blood glucose level increases

Negative feedback control of blood glucose levels -summary

Effect of adrenaline (epinephrine) Adrenaline released by adrenal glands Glucagon secretion stimulated Insulin secretion inhibited Glycogen converted to glucose Blood glucose level raised

What’s the difference between the two types of diabetes? Typically occurs in childhood Unable to produce insulin Require regular doses of insulin Typically develops in adulthood Cells less sensitive to insulin Individuals have less insulin receptors in the liver Glucose not converted to glycogen Can be controlled by diet, weight loss and exercise

Glucose tolerance test Diabetes diagnosis Glucose tolerance test Urine analysis Glucose tolerance is the capacity of the body to deal with ingested glucose Depends on bodies ability to produce insulin Clinical test for diabetes Fast for 8 hours Blood glucose measured 250-300ml of glucose consumed Rest Blood glucose measured after 2 1/2 hours Both type 1 and 2 diabetes Kidneys can’t cope with high blood glucose Glucose therefore lost in urine Urinalysis used to show indication of diabetes

What do I know? What is the effect of chronically elevated blood glucose levels on blood vessels? What cardiovascular diseases are a consequence of atherosclerosis? (Revision!!) What is insulin the hormone for? What is glucagon the hormone for? Explain the negative feedback control of blood glucose What effect does adrenaline have on blood glucose levels? What’s the difference between the two types of diabetes?