THE PAST TENSES: PERFECTUM and PLUSQUAMPERFECTUM “Nero magnam domun in Palatino AEDIFICAVIT”

HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF A VERB IN A VERB FORMULATION VERB FORMULATION as it appears in dictionaries: ROOTS: AMO/AMAS AMARE AMAVI 1. 1st and 2nd persons singular 2. INFINITIVE 3. PERFECT ROOT ROOT: we take out –re and we get the root: ROOT: AM-a AM-A-RE (1st Conjugation) -ERE (2nd Conjugation) -IRE (3rd Conjugation) ROOT: we take out –I, the ending of the 1st person: WE FORM : THE PRESENT: am-o, ama-s, ama-t….. AMAV- THE SIMPLE PAST: ama-ba-m,

THE PERFECTUM AND PLUSQUAMPERFECTUM: ENDINGS AND SUFFIXES The PERFECTUM root is usually different from the present root. COMPARE: AM-O “I love” / AMAV-I “I loved” HABE-O “I have” / HABU-I “I had” CAPI-O “I take” / CEP-I “I took” AUDI-O “I hear” / AUDIV-I “I heard” PERFECTUM means “ALREADY DONE” (PER+FACTUM):, and it is used for PAST AND FINISHED ACTIONS

PERFECTUM: ROOT + SPECIAL ENDINGS WE ADD THE SPECIAL ENDINGS ONLY FOR THIS TENSE: HAVING THE ROOT AMAV- : 1 AMAV- 2 3 I ISTI IT IMUS ISTIS ERUNT Nero domum in Esquilino EADIFICAVIT

WRITE THE FOLLOWING LATIN FORMS OF THE VERB   PAST TENSES: PRACTICE 1 1.Write the following tenses in Latin: 1.She had got: 2.We had loved: 3.You heard: 4.They took: 5.They had taken: 6.I saw: 7.We loved:

PLUSQUAMPERFECTUM -ERA- AMAV- USING THE VERB AMO-AS/ AMARE/AMAVI CHOOSE THE ROOT OF PERFECTUM….. …AND ADD THE GENERAL ENDINGS OF THE VERB AMAV- WE ADD THE SPECIAL SUFFIX FOR PLUSQUAMPERFECTUM 1 AMAV- 2 3 -M -S -T -MUS -TIS -NT -ERA-

PAST TENSES: PRACTICE Past perfect, 2nd person sing. TIMU- -ERA- -S ROOT SUFFIX ENDING PERSON AND TENSE TRANSLATION 1. Timueras 2. nesciverunt 3. cupiveramus 4. egit 5. timueratis 6. egerunt: 7. Cupivit Past perfect, 2nd person sing. TIMU- -ERA- -S You had feared Perfectum 3rd person pl NESCIV-. -ERUNT They didn’t know. CUPIV-. -ERA-. Plusquamperfectum 1st person Plur. -MUS. We had wished. -IT. Perefctum 3rd person Sing He/she did. EG-. TIMU-. -ERA-. -TIS- Plusquam,perfectum 2nd person Pl you had feared EG-. -ERUNT. Perfectum, 3rd person pl. They DID CUPIV-. -IT Perfectum, 3rd person sing.. She,he wished.

Shy doves are always eagles food/ pray TRANSLATION PRACTICE Pavidae columbae semper sunt praeda aquilarum 3rd person Plural present NOMINATIVE PLURAL SUBJECT ADVERB ACCUSATIVE PLURAL DIRECT COMPLEMENT GENITIVE PLURAL NOUN COMPLEMENT Shy doves are always eagles food/ pray Serva villae fenestras curat et dominae cenam parat 3rd person singular. PRESENT 3rd person singular. PRESENT DATIVE SINGULAR INDIRECT C. ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR DIRECT C. NOMINATIVE PLURAL SUBJECT GENITIVE SINGULAR NOUN COMPLEMENT ACCUSATIVE PLURAL DIRECT C. The slave girls of the house clean the windows and prepare dinner for (their) lady.