Figure 1 Critical signalling pathways involved in PDAC pathogenesis

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Figure 1 Critical signalling pathways involved in PDAC pathogenesis Figure 1 | Critical signalling pathways involved in PDAC pathogenesis. Critical signalling pathways associated with initiation and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): from left to right, the Hedgehog (HH), PI3K/AKT, RAS/MAPK, and autophagy pathways. Each of these pathways can be exploited, independently or in combination, to develop unique treatment strategies. The figure highlights several nanomedicine and/or small-molecule agents, either FDA approved or in various stages of preclinical or clinical development, that are being pursued to inhibit and/or interfere with the pathways involved in PDAC, in order to better combat the disease. Adiseshaiah, P. P. et al. (2016) Nanomedicine strategies to overcome the pathophysiological barriers of pancreatic cancer Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.119