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Volume 72, Issue 3, Pages 279-289 (August 2007) Hypertension and impaired renal function accompany juvenile obesity: The effect of prenatal diet P.J. Williams, L.O. Kurlak, A.C. Perkins, H. Budge, T. Stephenson, D. Keisler, M.E. Symonds, D.S. Gardner Kidney International Volume 72, Issue 3, Pages 279-289 (August 2007) DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002276 Copyright © 2007 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The effect of obesity on in vivo renal function as assessed with radionuclide renography. Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. for LC (n=6), OCs (n=8), and ONR (n=4). (a) Time to peak (min) is from bolus injection of technetium-99–diethylenetriaminepentaaceticacid to peak counts in the right kidney; (b) The upslope is defined, for the right kidney, as the positive slope of the renogram occurring before the peak and computed using the X and Y values of the renogram at 5 and 90% of the peak Y; (c) The downslope is defined, for the right kidney, as the negative slope of the renogram occurring after the peak and computed using the X and Y values of the renogram at the peak and at the half-peak value on the downslope side of the curve. *P<0.05, OC and ONR vs LC. Kidney International 2007 72, 279-289DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5002276) Copyright © 2007 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Glomerulosclerosis in obese sheep. (a) The effect of prenatal nutrient restriction and postnatal obesity on renal glomerulosclerosis score as assessed by periodic acid Schiff's staining (see Materials and Methods for details). Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. for LCs (n=8), OCs (n=8), and ONR (n=11). Statistics are *, P<0.01 OC vs LC and ONR. Photographs depicting the degree of glomerulosclerosis as assessed through periodic acid Schiff's staining at original magnification × 200. (b) OC, (c) ONR, (d) LC. Arrows indicate areas of glomerulosclerosis, which were significantly more prevalent in OC vs ONR and LC (P<0.01). Kidney International 2007 72, 279-289DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5002276) Copyright © 2007 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. The effect of prenatal nutrient restriction and postnatal obesity on renal expression of (a) GCR, (b) AT1, and (c) TNF-α. All data are expressed as a ratio to 18s concentration. LC (n=8), OC (n=8), and ONR (n=11). Statistics are *P<0.01 OC vs LC and ONR. Kidney International 2007 72, 279-289DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5002276) Copyright © 2007 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 The effect of prenatal nutrient restriction and postnatal obesity on renal apoptosis in the cortex (solid bars) or medulla (hatched bars) as assessed by TUNEL (data expressed as mean semiquantitative grading score±s.e.m.) or caspase-3 immunolabelling (data expressed as mean positive cell count per original magnification × 200 field±s.e.m.). LCs (n=8), OCs (n=8), and ONR (n=11). Statistics are *P<0.05, cortex vs medulla; †P<0.01 OC vs LC and ONR. Kidney International 2007 72, 279-289DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5002276) Copyright © 2007 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions