Velar (`guttural') consonants:

Palatal consonants:

Retroflex (`cerebral') consonants:

Dental consonants:

Labial consonants:

Semivowels:

Sibilants:

Glottal fricative (`aspirate'):

Initial vowels:

Initial vowels (continued):

Initial vowels (concluded):

Noninitial vowels:

Noninitial vowels (continued):

Noninitial vowels (concluded):

Certain consonant+vowel combinations have a special form:

Diacritic-like marks--visarga:

Diacritic-like marks--anusvàra:

Diacritic-like marks--viràma:

Diacritic-like marks--avagraha:

Ligatures A. If C1 ends in a vertical bar, it is joined horizontally to the left of C2, without the bar. (C2  na or la.)

Ligatures (continued): B. If C1 doesn't end in a vertical bar, C2 is joined underneath C1. (C2  ma or ya.)

Exceptions to A and B: 1.   If C2 = na or la, then this is usually placed underneath C1:

Exceptions to A and B: 2.   If C2 = ma or ya, then this is usually placed to the right of C1:

Other changes in ligatures:

Other changes in ligatures:

Other changes in ligatures:

Other changes in ligatures:

Other changes in ligatures:

Two special symbols:

Combinations with r:

Ligatures are sometimes quite complex:

Punctuation:

Numerals:

devanam!

ramay

kmlE>

k«paya>

-vt>

lvnm!

fmé>

Aayu>

}aPyte

guÝSy

vEl]{ym!

VyaOyanm!

à³mte

SwaSyit

gCDit

%JJvlTvm!

catuvR{yRm!