The Mughals, Safavids, & Ottomans

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Presentation transcript:

The Mughals, Safavids, & Ottomans Asian Muslim Empires The Mughals, Safavids, & Ottomans

The Growth of Mughal Power Akbar (grandson of Bābur) = able military & political leader empire grew to include Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, & all of present-day India Philosopher-king: Religious policy – tolerant of all religions; established Divine Faith that blended elements of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, & other religions However, new “syncretic” religion satisfied no one, so social divisions remained Patron of the Arts: paintings, libraries, Hindu-Muslim architecture

The Safavid Empire (Persia; 1501-1736) Safī al-Dīn – wanted to purify & reform Islam & spread it among Mongol-Turkic tribes of the area 1501: commander Ismail defeated Sunni enemies & proclaimed himself “shah” = emperor religious policy – forced all Sunni Persians to convert to Shi‘ite (to develop distinct Persian identity & unify the nation) Shah ’Abbās the Great (r. 1587-1629) Military reforms – slave soldiers who were loyal to the shah Height of the empire – recapture of lost territory, built export trade based on carpet weaving & glazed tile

The Ottoman Empire 1453: Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople & ended the 2000-year history of Rome (western half); changed name to Istanbul & converted area to Sunni Islam Planned to conquer Italian city-states, but died; successors moved south into Syria, Palestine, Egypt, & N. Africa to complete the empire Suleiman the Magnificent (r.1520-1566): ruling class of Muslim descendants of Turkish families related to Ottomans; given land in return for government service; land reverted back to state upon death Non Turkish boys 12-20 from poor villages taken as slaves & converted to Islam Top 10% taught to read & write = civil service jobs (social mobility) Other 90% = janissaries (prepared for military service)

Height of culture under Suleiman: law code, lavish court, poetry, glazed pottery, books on history & astronomy, medicine, coffeehouses where people debated politics, did business, & played chess Slow decline begins – by 17th/18th C, expanding population, but no expanding land/conquests led to economic problems (inflation, famine, revolts), competition with Europe, corruption (Sultans led lavish lifestyles off on estates) End of Notes