Conditions that Disrupt Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (Mechanisms of evolution)

Mutations Changes in DNA that may help an organism survive better.

Genetic Drift (2 Types) Bottleneck effect

Founder Effect

Gene Flow

Non-Random Mating Two types: Assortative mating Inbreeding

Natural Selection

Sexual Selection

Transformation

Divergence

Speciation There are two types of speciation: Allopatric – Geographic Separation Sympatric – Biological Separation

1. Allopatric – Geographic separation

2.Sympatric Speciation – Biological Barriers Pre-Zygotic barriers Behavioural isolation Habitat isolation Temporal Isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation

Prezygotic barriers – Prevent fertilization Behavioural isolation

2. Habitat isolation

3. Temporal Isolation

4. Mechanical isolation

5. Gametic isolation

Post Zygotic Barriers – After fertilization Hybrid inviability

2. Hybrid Sterility

3. Hybrid Breakdown

Adaptive Radiation

Convergent evolution

Co-Evolution

Gradualism vs Punctuated Equlibrium Gradualism – Based on Darwins threory Punctuated Equlibrium – Proposed by Gould and Eldridge