Aqueous metal ion reactions

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Aqueous metal ion reactions Click an ion to animate its reaction sequence, or click its photo link. reactions photos Fe2+ Fe2+(aq) acidity reaction Click the yellow circles for each ion’s summary. Co2+ Cu2+ Cu2+(aq) acidity reaction Use the button to return to this index page. Fe3+ Fe3+(aq) acidity reaction Cr3+ Cr3+(aq) acidity reaction Use the button to return to the previous page viewed. Al3+ Al3+(aq) acidity reaction Acknowledgements

Fe2+ iron(II) precipitation Add [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) green solution NaOH (aq) (little) Deprotonation reactions – OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases NaOH (aq) (excess) Fe(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NH3 (aq) (little) photo Green gelatinous precipitate (turns brown in air) NH3 (aq) (excess) FeCO3 (s) CO32- (aq) precipitation green precipitate

Fe2+ iron(II) table precipitation Add [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) green solution Deprotonation reactions – OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases NaOH (aq) (little) NaOH (aq) (excess) Fe(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NH3 (aq) (little) Green gelatinous precipitate (turns brown in air) photo NH3 (aq) (excess) precipitation CO32- (aq) FeCO3 (s) green precipitate

Co2+ cobalt(II) Add [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) pink solution NaOH (aq) (little) Deprotonation reactions – OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases NaOH (aq) (little) Co(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NaOH (aq) (excess) blue precipitate (turns pink slowly and then brown in air) NH3 (aq) (little) ligand substitution NH3 (aq) (excess) [Co(NH3)6]2+ (aq) pale-yellow solution (turns brown in air) CoCO3 (s) CO32- (aq) precipitation pink precipitate ligand substitution Cl- (aq) (conc) [CoCl4]2- (aq) blue solution

Co2+ cobalt(II) table ligand substitution precipitation Add [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) pink solution Co(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NaOH (aq) (little) Deprotonation reactions – OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases blue precipitate (turns pink slowly and then brown in air) NaOH (aq) (excess) NH3 (aq) (little) [Co(NH3)6]2+ (aq) ligand substitution NH3 (aq) (excess) pale-yellow solution (turns brown in air) CoCO3 (s) CO32- (aq) precipitation pink precipitate ligand substitution Cl- (aq) (conc) [CoCl4]2- (aq) blue solution

Cu2+ copper(II) Add [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) blue solution NaOH (aq) (little) Deprotonation reactions – OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases NaOH (aq) (excess) photo Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NH3 (aq) (little) blue precipitate ligand substitution NH3 (aq) (excess) [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (aq) deep blue solution precipitation CuCO3 (s) CO32- (aq) blue precipitate [CuCl4]2- (aq) Cl- (aq) (conc) ligand substitution green solution

Cu2+ copper(II) table ligand substitution precipitation Add [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) blue solution NaOH (aq) (little) Deprotonation reactions – OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NaOH (aq) (excess) blue precipitate NH3 (aq) (little) photo ligand substitution [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (aq) NH3 (aq) (excess) deep blue solution CO32- (aq) CuCO3 (s) precipitation blue precipitate ligand substitution [CuCl4]2- (aq) Cl- (aq) (conc) green solution

Fe3+ iron(III) Add [Fe(H2O)6]3+ (aq) violet solution NaOH (aq) (little) Deprotonation reactions– OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases NaOH (aq) (excess) photo NH3 (aq) (little) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) Brown gelatinous precipitate NH3 (aq) (excess) Deprotonation reactions – CO32- acting as base CO32- (aq) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) Brown gelatinous precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Fe3+ iron(III) table Add [Fe(H2O)6]3+ (aq) violet solution Deprotonation reactions– OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases NaOH (aq) (little) NaOH (aq) (excess) photo NH3 (aq) (little) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) NH3 (aq) (excess) brown precipitate Deprotonation reactions – CO32- acting as base CO32- (aq) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) Brown gelatinous precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Cr3+ chromium(III) Add [Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) red-blue solution Deprotonation reactions– OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases NaOH (aq) (little) Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) NH3 (aq) (little) green precipitate photo Acid-base reaction - NaOH (aq) (excess) [Cr(OH)6]3- (aq) green solution [Cr(NH3)6]3+ (aq) NH3 (aq) (excess) ligand substitution purple solution Deprotonation reactions – CO32- acting as base CO32- (aq) Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) green precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Cr3+ chromium(III) table Add [Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) red-blue solution Deprotonation reactions – OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases NaOH (aq) (little) Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) green precipitate NH3 (aq) (little) photo Acid-base -Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) amphoteric [Cr(OH)6]3- (aq) NaOH (aq) (excess) green solution ligand substitution [Cr(NH3)6]3+ (aq) NH3 (aq) (excess) purple solution Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) Deprotonation reaction CO32- (aq) green precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Al3+ aluminium(III) Add [Al(H2O)6]3+ (aq) colourless solution Deprotonation reactions – OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases NaOH (aq) (little) NH3 (aq) (little) Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) NH3 (aq) (excess) white precipitate photo Acid-base -Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) amphoteric NaOH (aq) (excess) [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]- (aq) colourless solution Deprotonation reaction Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) CO32- (aq) white precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Al3+ aluminium(III) table Add [Al(H2O)6]3+ (aq) colourless solution NaOH (aq) (little) Deprotonation reactions – OH- and NH3 acting as Lewis bases Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) NH3 (aq) (little) white precipitate NH3 (aq) (excess) photo Acid-base -Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) amphoteric [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]- (aq) NaOH (aq) (excess) colourless solution Deprotonation reaction Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) CO32- (aq) white precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Photographs Use the button to return to the index page Fe2+(aq) acidity reaction Use the button to return to the index page Cu2+(aq) acidity reaction Fe3+(aq) acidity reaction Use the button to return to the previous page viewed Cr3+(aq) acidity reaction Al3+(aq) acidity reaction

Fe2+ iron(II) photo Deprotonation reactions [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) green solution NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Fe(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) Green gelatinous precipitate (turns brown in air)

Cu2+ copper(II) photo Deprotonation reactions [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) blue solution NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) blue precipitate

Fe3+ iron(III) photo Deprotonation reactions [Fe(H2O)6]3+ (aq) violet solution appears orange because of hydrolysis NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) Brown gelatinous precipitate

Cr3+ chromium(III) photos Deprotonation reactions [Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) red-blue solution appears green because of hydrolysis [Cu(OH)6]3- (aq) green solution NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) green precipitate Click for more excess NaOH (aq) Click for more …

Al3+ aluminium(III) photo Deprotonation reactions [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]- (aq) colourless solution [Al(H2O)6]3+ (aq) colourless solution NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) white precipitate Click for more … excess NaOH (aq) Click for more … Click for more …