End of Spanish Rule & Mexican National Era US History Unit 6 & 7

Conflicting Borders The Treaty of Paris ceded America all land from the Atlantic ocean to the Mississippi river (from Canada to Florida). Spanish dispute with the U.S. over the boundary between Texas and Louisiana. Spanish agreement with U.S. to create the Neutral Ground which neither government would rule. Adams-Onis Treaty gave the Neutral Ground to the U.S. which then enforced U.S. laws. It also ceded Florida to America

Causes of the Mexican Revolution Lower Classes of Mexican society were mistreated by the Spanish government and governors. During the Napoleonic War, Spain was defeated by France and New Spain had a chance to rule themselves. The Middle class & poorer classes of Mexico were inspired by the enlightenment & the American Revolution.

American Filibusters Filibusters (military adventurers) tried to stir up rebellions in Texas Some filibusters wanted Texas to be free from Spanish rule and become an independent nation Spain believed government agents from the U.S. were responsible.

Gutierrez-Magee Expedition Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, a Hidalgo supporter, went to the United States for money and supplies. Gutierrez recruited soldiers to help in the liberation, or freeing, of Texas. Gutierrez had great success but after his attacks on San Antonio, he executed 14 royalist officers which resulted in many of the Americans to quit the expedition.

Revolutionaries and Pirates Survivors of the Gutierrez-Magee expedition set a base for operations on Galveston Island. This was an ideal base against the Spanish fleet sailing the Gulf of Mexico. French pirate, Louis Michel Aury, was appointed as commander of Galveston. Aury transported an expedition of rebel troops along the Mexican coast and returned to find Galveston under the control of another pirate Jean Laffite. Both Aury & Laffite attacked and seized Spanish ships and goods.

Phillip Nolan (The horse trader) Nolan was interested in the mustangs that roamed Texas Three times he entered Texas with Spanish approval, but officials believed he was a spy 1800, Nolan and 20 men returned to Texas, but without Spanish approval. Spanish troops tried to arrest Nolan, but he was killed, the rest were captured/imprisoned.

James Long Invades Texas James Long objected to the United States surrendering its claim to Texas. Long invaded Texas and captured Nacogdoches. His followers declared Texas was free and an independent republic, and that Long was the president. Later Long was captured and taken to Mexico City where he was killed by a guard.

Outcomes of the Mexican Revolution It was difficult for the New Mexican nation to create a stable government. In 1833, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna took the presidency of Mexico. However, revolts continued on the fringes of the Empire (California, Texas & the Yucantan) For the next century, their was continuous rebellions & civil wars in Mexico.

Spanish Influence on Texas Names for rivers and bays ex. Rio Grande, Guadalupe Cities ex. San Antonio, El Paso, Llano Roads ex. El Camino Real, Atascocita Ranching practices ex. vaqueros, lasso Livestock ex. horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs

State Colonization Law of 1825 State Colonization Law of 1825 – gave Mexican states power to set up their own plans for colonization and settlement with certain government restrictions: Limited amount of land that could be purchased (maximum about 48,000 acres) Could not establish colony close to a border or coast Only those who intended to live permanently in Texas could receive land contracts. Had to show evidence of good moral character Had to be Roman Catholic (however this was not strictly enforced) Had to become Mexican citizens and take an oath of allegiance.

Americans immigrated to Texas because: Availability of cheap and abundant land (1/10 the price of land in the U.S.) Fertile land – great for farming, particularly cotton. Slavery increased Native Americans forced to leave their homes greatly decrease the danger to Anglos. Mexico did not tax colonists for the first 10 years.

First Empresario Moses Austin , with the help of Baron de Bastop, made an agreement with the Spanish to start the first Anglo colony in Texas After his father’s death, Stephen F. Austin: became the first empresario when he successfully took over his father’s land grant settled the original “Old Three Hundred” selected an ideal spot for his colony effectively enforced rules as empresario served as liaison between colonists and the Mexican government eventually became known as the “Father of Texas”

Emprisarios in Texas Stephen F. Austin – first empresario in Texas Baron de Bastrop – helped Moses Austin secure a contract from the Mexican government to establish a colony in Texas Erasmo Sequin – successful rancher who served as alcalde of San Antonio, promoted the interest of Texas settlers, and helped write the Mexican Constitution of 1824 Juan Sequin – assisted Stephen F. Austin in getting permission to settle Austin’s father’s land grant; fought as a cavalry leader with the Texans against Santa Anna’s army during the Texas Revolution. Green DeWitt – empresario who settled around 160 families on a land grant southwest of Austin’s colony Haden Edwards – led the Fredonian Rebellion with his brother Martin de Leon – only Mexican empresario; established the settlement of Guadalupe Victoria which eventually became the modern day town of Victoria, Texas James Power and James Hewetson – established the Irish settlement of Refugio James McGloin and John McMullin – established the Irish settlement of San Patric

Different reasons for settling Texas Spanish/Mexican Purposes for Settlement: Prosperity To protect land from other countries To convert native Texans to Christianity To spread Spanish culture Spanish/Mexican Method of Settlement: Mission-presidio system Encouraged settlement by Spanish/Mexican citizens Anglo Purposes for Settlement: To gain cheap land for agriculture To escape problems in U.S. To make money Freedom/adventure Escape from paying taxes Anglo Method of Settlement: Land grants managed by empresarios Encouraged settlement by U.S. citizens