Citations

Why is it important that we cite sources accurately They help others find the information that you used. They help establish the credibility of your own research. They connect your work to the work of other scholars. It is one way that scholars enter into a dialogue with each other. It is a way to honor and acknowledge the work of others who have made your own research possible.

Basic Bibliographic Information Required for a Book Citation

Author Instead of an author, a book can have an editor, compiler or translator. There are rules for citing books that have a corporate author or no author at all.

Title of Book Make sure to include subtitles of books as they appear on the title page.

All publication information should be found on the title page. Publisher All publication information should be found on the title page.

Place of Publication Make sure to retrieve publication information from the book itself and not from the library catalog or online database.

APA Basic Format for Books Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. Note: For "Location," you should always list the city and the state using the two letter postal abbreviation without periods (New York, NY).

Book Sample Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Bibliographic Information that is Required  for a Book Chapter Citation? Author, Title, & page Numbers of Chapter Author of Book Title of Book Publisher Place of Publication Date of Publication

APA format for Chapter in a Book Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher. Note: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references, except for newspapers.

Sample for a Book Chapter O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: A metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York, NY: Springer.

Basic Bibliographic Information for a Journal Article Citation

Author There are rules for formatting for more than one author, a corporate author or no author at all.

Title of Article Make sure to find the title of the article on the first page of the article not from the table of contents of the cover of the journal.

Title of the Journal The title of the journal is just as important as the title of the article when citing from scholarly journals.

Volume and Issue Number You can find the volume and issue number on the title page, the front cover of the journal or on the article itself.

Date of Publication You can also find the year of the journal issue was published on the title page, front cover of the journal or on the article itself.

Page Numbers Remember to include the page number of the entire article and not just the pages where you found the information you’re citing.

Citation Formats Modern Language Association (MLA) American Psychological Association (APA) Council of Science Editors (CSE) Chicago Manual of style (Chicago) Humanities Social Science Education Business Technology Life Sciences Physical Sciences Mathematics Social Sciences

Regardless of which format you use, you must include the same basic bibliographic information when citing a source.

What if you can not find an author What if you can not find an author? There are common situation where legitimate publications might not have an author. Corporate Author News Magazine Articles Publications produced by government agencies or Professional associations often have a corporate author. Authors from sources like Time Magazine or Newsweek are written by journalists but often don’t include the authors name.

Are there tools to help with citations? There are lots of online tools available. Called bibliographic management software. Simple one are free more sophisticated will cost a couple hundred dollars Make formatting citations easier. You still need to check to see if all of the necessary information has been imported and formatted correctly. Some examples: Endnote Citation Machine