Launching the New Ship of State Chapter 10

Washington George Washington James Madison President = Unanimous April 14, 1789 New York Task of creating a new government James Madison “We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us”

Cont. Needed a branch to help govern Congress created 3 executive departments Department of State -----Thomas Jefferson Foreign affairs Department of War ----- Henry Knox Military matters Department of the Treasury -----Alexander Hamilton Manage finances *Presidents chief advisers = Cabinet

Bill of Rights December 1791 Bill of Rights 10 amendments = James Madison Bill of Rights Personal liberties Speech Press Political activity Religion Right to Bear Arms Prevents search of citizens homes Fair treatment for those accused of crimes Limits the power of federal government Slaves and Native American were excluded

Judicial System Creation of Judicial System Judiciary Act of 1789 Supreme Court Federal Circuit District Courts Attorney General Federal law ---- “Supreme law of the land” John Jay = 1st Chief Justice

Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Pay off debts Compromise Funding at par Pay off at face value + interest = $54 million Assume state debts = $21.5 million Assumption Compromise Virginia V. Massachusetts D.C. = Potomac River

Duties and Excise Taxes National debt = $75 million Hamilton = “Father of National debt” Debt = “National Blessing” Tariff Tax on imports Protective wall around industries Well-to-do Manufacturing groups Excise Tax = domestic items whisky Establishment of National Bank Print paper money Chartered 20 yrs.

Whisky Rebellion S.W. Pennsylvania =1794 Washington Defiant distillers “Liberty and No Excise” Tarring / Feathering revenue officers Washington Summoned militia in several states 13,000 New respect for the government

Political Parties Two-party system Those who favored strong central government Hamiltonian Federalists Mostly Northerners Those who supported a strong state government Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans Mostly southerners

Washington’s Neutrality Franco-American Alliance of 1778 Jeffersonians favored alliance Washington = War had to be avoided Neutrality Proclamation 1793 Isolationist

Battle with Britain Firearms sold to Native Americans Miami Confederacy = 8 nations Little Turtle defeats Generals Harmar and St. Clair Worst defeat in history on frontier Battle of Fallen Timbers General “Mad Anthony” Wayne British = refused to shelter fleeing Indians Treaty of Greenville = Aug. 1795 Gave up old Northwest Indiana, Ohio Lump sum payment $20,000, annual $9,000

Cont. Americans focused anger on British Impressment Practice of seizing Americans at sea Drafting them into the British navy Supplying arms to Native Americans Battle against settlers

Jay’s Treaty John Jay = 1794 Surrender to Britain? London Weak Cards Hamilton sabotaged Jay British refused to leave posts on U.S. soil British agreed to pay damages for recent seizure No promise of future U.S. still had to pay debts on pre-revolutionary accts. Southern Planters Surrender to Britain?

Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 Spain strikes deal with U.S. Fear of Anglo-American alliance Free navigation of Mississippi Right of deposit at New Orleans Disputed territory of Western Florida

Adams = President Election of 1796 Contest between opposing parties Federalists John Adams Support = New England Democratic Republicans Thomas Jefferson Support = South Runner up = Vice-President

Fighting with France Upset with Jay’s Treaty Britain – U.S. alliance Violation with Franco-American Treaty of 1778 Began to seize American merchant vessels Adams tries to keep peace Diplomatic commission

XYZ Affair 1797 Suppose to meet with Talleyrand = French foreign minister Met by 3 go-betweens (XYZ) Demanded loan of 32 million florins Bribe of $250,000 for just talking with Talleyrand Terms intolerable = Negotiations broke down War preparations pushed ahead in U.S. Adams wanted peace Convention of 1800 End marriage / Napoleon

Federalist Witch Hunt 1798 Alien Laws Sedition Act Expire in 1801 Raised residents = citizenship 5 to 14 yrs. Deportation Sedition Act Fines and jail terms = Anyone trying to hinder the operation of the government Targeted Democratic Republican editors, publishers, and politicians Expire in 1801

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798-99 Jefferson and Madison = Misuse of power Secretly organized oppositions Appealed to states Drew up resolutions Adopted by Virginia and Kentucky Warned of checks and balances Nullification States had the right to nullify-void any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional