Various groups in Jesus’s Day The five religious and political groups of Jesus’ time that you will study are The Romans The Sadducees The Pharisees The Essenes The Zealots

They ruled their world with absolute power. The time of Jesus was politically unstable. The Jewish people were used to being conquered by other people--the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Greeks. With every new occupation of their land, the Jewish people would be scattered on the four winds, only to be reunited years afterward. From out of this chaos, the Roman Empire emerged. The Romans were effective administrators, but they considered anyone not Roman to be a barbarian. This empire would brook no dissent. They ruled their world with absolute power.

The Imperial Empire of Rome was hungry for power, but also for peace The Imperial Empire of Rome was hungry for power, but also for peace. The Romans were anxious to spread their sense of progress throughout the known world, from Northern Africa to the British Isles. They were so successful, in fact, that one third of the world lived and died under the rule of the Caesars—the emperors of Rome.

2. Roman Rule in Israel The Jewish people resented Roman rule. They believed they were capable of self-government. The Jews hated that fact that the Roman procurators (senior administrators) could appoint and depose the Jewish High Priest.

The People cried out for a Messiah—the leader who would free them from oppression. 3. The Jewish people wanted their Messiah to be a political conqueror like King David of old. Someone who would defeat the Romans. They were not expecting a peace-loving Jesus.

Within Jewish society there were many different groups who wanted different things

4. The Sadducees --the priestly class --aristocrats (rich) --centred in Jerusalem --worked with Romans to stay in power; therefore, not liked by many other Jews --accepted only the Torah (the Law) as scripture, no oral tradition --Made up the 71 member Sanhedrin—the major law-making body and supreme court of Judaism

5. The Pharisees --believed in strict observance of the Law --kept them away from sin and Gentile influence --mainly middle class --accepted the writings of the Prophets as inspired as well as the Torah (Law) --too much reliance on Oral tradition. --Pharisees thought they could earn heaven by keeping religious custom/Law. --Jesus taught God’s love a gift to sinner and saint --experts at the Law—our closest equivalent would be (modern day lawyers)

The Pharisees try to trick Jesus about His interpretation of the Law.

6. The Essenes --believed God was coming, but only through a catastrophic event. --lived strict, pure lives away from civilization --hid their writings in seaside caves—the Dead Sea Scrolls --lived austere lives—avoiding luxuries, sharing communal meals, acts of ritualistic purification; i.e. sitting on top of a tree for decades, or a vow of silence

The Dead Sea Scrolls

The Essene life was a life apart The Essene life was a life apart. The purified themselves in the hopes that they would be righteous when God returned.

An Essene cave

--contrast to Essenes--change will not come from inner purification 7. The Zealots --contrast to Essenes--change will not come from inner purification --wanted revolutionary political action --used violence as an attempt to overthrow Romans --Not interested in Jesus’ teachings of peace and love for one’s enemies Waco, Texas 1993. A cult called the Branch Davidians set fire to their compound—killing everyone inside.