10. Educational Challenges. Projecting the Future. Intelligent Information Systems 10. Educational Challenges. Projecting the Future. Gio Wiederhold EPFL, April-June 2000, at 14:15 - 15:15, room INJ 218

Schedule Presentations in English -- but I'll try to manage discussions in French and/or German. I plan to cover the material in an integrating fashion, drawing from concepts in databases, artificial intelligence, software engineering, and business principles. 1. 13/4 Historical background, enabling technology:ARPA, Internet, DB, OO, AI., IR 2. 27/4 Search engines and methods (recall, precision, overload, semantic problems). 3. 4/5 Digital libraries, information resources. Value of services, copyright. 4. 11/5 E-commerce. Client-servers. Portals. Payment mechanisms, dynamic pricing. 5. 19/5 Mediated systems. Functions, interfaces, and standards. Intelligence in processing. Role of humans and automation, maintenance. 6. 26/5 Software composition. Distribution of functions. Parallelism. [ww D.Beringer] 7. 31/5 Application to Bioinformatics. 8. 15/6 Semantic Interoperation 9. 22/6 Privacy protection and security. Security mediation. 10.29/6 Educational challenges. Expected changes in teaching and learning. Summary and projection for the future. Feedback and comments are appreciated. 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Open question? Web enables remote education 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Stanford Model Based on TV courses offered to industry Part of normal curriculam TV operator in special classroom shows notes (must be legible), blackboard, teacher tutor at remote site (has taken class earlier) voice link for questions (if live TV) Can be replayed on web in students rooms, … morning classes getting to be empty 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Threat to smaller schools Alternatives Overloaded professor with older material Inaccessible professor with up-to-date material technology from the entertainment industry Education when and where wanted 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

E-libraries www.TeleRead.org Public libraries (funded in the U.S. by Dale Carnegie) have been of major benefit to children and older people who wanted to improve themselves Libraries and librarians are under budget pressures Older voters do not support education In an E-world at least augment paper libraries Proposal [Rothman@clark.net] free E-libraries using Internet and e-books Contents Books in public domain Popular books; suggestion that their copyrights be donated by their authors after initial sales reduce -- ~1-2 years 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Added Value Virtually everything we have is in the public domain. Our value added is not communications. It is not hardware. It is not even the data. Our Value added is the categorization, the storage, and the archiving of data, which gives the tools to search the data, to project it, compare it, chart it, and so on. Our strategy is to be a high-margin, low-volume producer for a specialized market. [Michael R. Blomberg, in Wired April 1998] 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Nothing is harder to predict than the future [Yogi Berra] Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible. Radio has no future. X-rays will prove to be hoax. [Willliam Thomson, Lord Kelvin, 1824- 1907]. 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Industry Needs Information Engineering and Manufacturing own capability é suppliers’ capabilities demand é global demand Distribution and Transportation costs for alternate means of shipping Finance project demand 3 project cost of funds Marketing and Service taste and style é demographics more from remote sources

Data and Knowledge Information is created at the confluence of Knowledge Loop Information is created at the confluence of data -- the state & knowledge -- the ability to select and project the state into the future Data Loop Storage Education Selection Recording Integration Abstraction Experience State changes Decision-making Action

Knowledge Manifestations Procedural system analysts programmers Declarative domain analysts knowledge engineers rule writers Creators faster Maintainers easier }-{

Information Leverage Tactical Customers Inventory Suppliers Strategic Planning Capabilities Opportunities

Projects at Stanford DB group Data Mining. Mediator & Wrapper Generation. Warehousing. Security Mediators. Megaprogramming. Simulation Access. Changes, Consistency, and Configurations. TSIMMIS CHAIMS SimQL TIHI C3 MIDAS WHIPS 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

XML Future Machine Processable ! return to origin? ARPAnet -- share heterogeneous machines Email -- people-to-people Digital Library -- people-to-machines E-commerce (E2B)-- people-to-machines client-server Mediated -- people-to-services-to-machines Business (B2B)-- machine-to-machine(s) Business services -- machine-to-services-to-machines Ubiquitous -- gadget-to-gadget (embedded) Future 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

XML: the end of Databases? <panel chair_name=Daniela Florescu loc=INRIA> <name> Catriel Beeri<at>HUIJ</at></name> <name> Adam Bosworth<at>Succendo</at></name> <name> Guy Ferran<at>INRIA</at></name> <name> Michael Ries<at> Microsoft</at></name> <name> Martin Schulze<at> Excelon</at></name> <name>Gio Wiederhold<at>Stanford</at></name> </panel> 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

DBMSs will serve XML XML will help in use of DBs on the web. HTML is wild and wooly, oriented towards flexible human processing For B2B applications interpretation will be by processing programs. Programs cannot exploit flexibility. Data requirements remain regular 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Relevant Examples? Browsing for papers and authors Supplier catalog human searching flexible contents recursive, cyclic, linked structures Supplier catalog some number of required entries some predefined optional entries further, arbitrary entries are ignored. 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Needed features from DBMs Rapid retrieval Ü indexing indexes best derived from regular structures Optimization Ü quantity estimates best attached to schemas, Business integrity ÜTx integrity fine-grained, routinely provided by DBMSs. Access control Ü constraint rules attached to schema attributes and keys 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Will RDBMs adapt to XML? Changes will be needed for XML correctness Ordering, - cross refs., - document snippets, ... Pressure from customers Experience from OO-developments Inadequate rethinking Rigid internal structure Staff with performance-oriented experience XML-specialists mis-focusing 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Future Information Systems Gio Wiederhold Stanford University

Information Systems should also Project into the Future time past now future Msg systems, sensors Databases, accessed via SQL or CORBA compliant wrappers Simulations, accessed via SimQL and compliant wrappers

Use of Simulation Results Simulation results can be composed for Alternative Courses-of-actions Composition should be seamless, elegant, with computation and recomputation of likelihoods Results change as now moves forwards and eliminates earlier alternatives.

DM support is disjoint does not interoperate Databases Planning Science Simulation Distribution extensions to move to networked support are also disjoint

Current state of DM Support past now future time organized support disjointed support Data integration distributed, heterogeneous x17 @qbfera ffga 67 .78 jjkl,a nsnd nn 23.5a Databases Intuition + Spreadsheets Planning of allocations Other simulations various point assessments

Technology Transition . Economic drivers have to be considered. Three party model Industry: need-based invention academia: formalization innovators: new technology New Service models provide new Opportunities supply innovative tools to industry supply specialized information to industry a I i 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Understanding the other parties Motivation is profit and loss avoidance of Industry: investment -- payoff to stockholders / retain value / stable Academia: prestige -- (leads to continuing funding) visibility, not stability or reliability Innovative businesses: leverage -- not sustainable low downside cost, high upside risk, change expected and needed Government research: technology dissemination & shelving service ? 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Notes from Stanford OTL SoE inventions 31 % licensed / 29% waiting, 40%dropped Large companies poor adopters, best are exclusive to startups Center for Networking has an overll license, pay once + small annual New Licensed Field of Use: EPIC program excludes software - but same pricing scheme excluded are already active inventions inventions co-developed outside of SoE inventions not pursued by Stanford base cost for membership 400K or 100K for 5 years 100K non-exclusive license per inventions before patent is granted 200K non-exclusive license per invention after patent is granted easy access for 6-months SOE gets base, can distribute to depts. Inventor gets license fees. objective is better relationships.to large companies not suitable for startups, small companies 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Research economy transfer paths Tool suppliers (TS) versus Product suppliers (PS) high-value modest volume Customers Research Government Teaching Taxes high volume people results Products 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Gaps in MI Science/Systems Application of CS, …, to Healthcare understand CS, don’t try forcefully contribute understand the differences in the research and validation proof vs. case the practice paradigms broad vs. focused supply CS with data? NASA earth sciences apply the best you can find compose it 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

Moving to a Service Paradigm Server is an independent contractor, defines service Client selects service, and specifies parameters Server’s success depends on value provided Some form of payment received for services x,y Databases are a current example. Simulations have the same potential.

Operating Systems Microsoft Windows, personal computer and WS. proprietary product, no obligations to hardware, rapidly adapted to new requirements UNIX, an open systems, consensus and takes time. SUN servers LINUX clients and servers, free, low entry cost …. Mainframe operating systems, little growth expected VMS (COMPAQ) reliable 24 hour / 7 day 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

1 Pre-competitive development. 2 Integration and Marketing 3. Problem: Asynchrony. 3.1 Industry-driven. research. 3.2 Curiosity-driven research. 3.3 Fundamental research 3.4 Transition windows 4 Transition agents. 4.1 Link academic researchers to industry 4.2 Link academic and industrial research. 4.3 Startup companies. 4.4 Incubator services. 4.5 Research stores. Commercial Technology Transfer Company. Governmental Technology Transfer Institute. Other candidate organization models for research stores. 5 Research Venues and Technology Transfer. 6 Summary 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

New Role for Consultants Old Used at Design Time and To Explain Failures Future Available as a Service Responsible for Knowledge Maintenance

Integration Science Artificial Intelligence knowledge mgmt models uncertainty Databases access storage algebras Systems Engineering analysis documentation costing Integration Science 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000

F i n Comments? what was new / what was old or boring? future emphasis more technological detail? more situational detail? more extrapolation to the future 1/15/2019 EPFL10F - Gio spring 2000