The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750 - 1914 Chapter 23 The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750 - 1914

I. The Age of Revolution Age of Revolution Enlightenment A. Optimism Against All Odds Marquis of Condorcet French aristocrat; hiding from French revolutionaries Progress of the Human Mind Progress had become inevitable in modern world; mankind on verge of virtual perfection Age of Revolution Period of political upheaval beginning with American Revolution and continuing with French Revolution B. Forces of Change Enlightenment Commercialization Population growth C. The American Revolution 1775, outbreak of the Revolution French aid 1789, new constitution

I. The Age of Revolution D. Crisis in France in 1789 Enlightenment influence 1789, Louis XVI calls parliament, but mid-class reps want a “real” parliament He caves, and revolution is underway Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Freedom of thought July 14, Bastille attacked Prison stormed; symbol of revolution Principles: Serfdom abolished Equality for men End to aristocratic privilege Church privilege ended Elective parliament

I. The Age of Revolution E. The French Revolution: Radical and Authoritarian Phases Reaction Church Aristocracy Foreign powers Radical shift Monarchy abolished King executed (decapitated) Reign of Terror Several thousand opponents killed Maximilien de Robespierre Leader of this phase Convinced he knew people’s will 1795, more moderate government Napoleon Bonaparte 1799, final phase Authoritarian Supports key principles Religious freedom Equality for men Expansionist Empire Most of Europe by 1812 Tries Russia in 1812, fails due to cold 1815, defeated

Napoleon’s Empire in 1812

I. The Age of Revolution F. A Conservative Settlement and the Revolutionary Legacy Congress of Vienna of 1815 Meeting after the Napoleonic Wars to restore political stability in Europe and settle disputes Did not punish France very harshly New political movements Conservatives Restore monarchy to France Link Europe’s major powers in defense of churches and kings Defined themselves in opposition to revolutionary goals Liberals Constitutional rule Protection of freedoms Especially middle class Radicals Extension of voting rights Socialism Attack property rights Nationalists Urged national unity Spread of Revolutions, 1820s, 1830s Greece, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium Extension of male suffrage Britain, United States Reform Bill of 1832 Gave vote to middle class men The Chartist Movement

I. The Age of Revolution Revolutions of 1848 FAIL G. Industrialization and the Revolutions of 1848 Lower classes Political action Britain accommodates demands Revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary France, 1848, monarch overthrown Goals Liberal constitutions Social reform End of serfdom Women’s rights Ethnic demands Revolutions of 1848 FAIL Revolutionary era in W. Europe is OVER By 1850, an industrial class structure had come to dominate Social structure less on birth and more on money ALLIANCES DISSOLVED

II. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914 A. Adjustments to Industrial Life 1st time in human history that more than a minority of people live in cities Sanitation improves Louis Pasteur discovers germs in 1880s Families Birth and death rates down; 1st time that death rates below birth rates Children seen not as workers Labor movements Rural cooperatives Industrialization in Europe c. 1850

II. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914 The Unification of Italy B. Political Trends and the Rise of New Nations After 1850, leaders learn to adopt change Benjamin Disraeli British conservative leader Vote for working-class males, 1867 Camillo di Cavour Extends power of parliament to please liberal forces Supports industrialization Otto von Bismarck Vote for all adult males Nationalism used Had been a radical tool, turned to the other side now Italy and Germany Bismarck German Unification, 1871 American Civil War Based on industrial weaponry and transport systems Solved sectional rights

The Unification of Germany, 1815-1871

II. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914 C. The Social Question and New Government Functions School systems Literacy increases Welfare Health, old age Social reform becomes key political issue Constitutional issues were replaced by social issues The Social Question Socialism Grievances of the working class Karl Marx Final phase of march of history, at the end of which there is no more class struggle Identifies capitalist “evil” Parties in Germany, Austria, France, 1880s Women gain right to vote in many countries Middle class women Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928

III. Cultural Transformations A. Emphasis on Consumption and Leisure Pleasure-seeking more acceptable Consumerism Newspapers Entertainment Vacations Leisure a commodity Team sports Travel industry

III. Cultural Transformations B. Advances in Scientific Knowledge Rationalism Darwin - 1859 Evolution Einstein – after 1900 Relativity Grasp physical universe Social Sciences Science applied to human life Freud – end of 19th century   C. New Directions in Artistic Expression Romanticism Emotion & impression, not reason and generalization, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature Opposed to rationalism Human emotion Split between artists and scientists Becoming increasingly abstract as 20th century enters

IV. Western Settler Societies Industrialization makes west more powerful Impact of improved transportation, communication A. Emerging Power of the United States American Civil War, 1861-1865 Spurs industrialization Early 19th-Century Settlements in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

IV. Western Settler Societies B. European Settlements in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Peopled by immigrants Follow European political, economic, cultural patterns Canada Federal system Won by Britain in wars with France in 18th century Australia From 1788 Settled as penal settlement Only previous inhabitants were aborigines (hunt/gather) Gold rush, agricultural development Federal system by 1900 New Zealand Maori defeated by 1860s Agricultural economy All remained part of British Empire, though with increasingly growing autonomy Britain learned from “mistakes” of American Revolution

V. Diplomatic Tensions and World War I Rise of Germany Bismarck Complex alliance system in late 19th century France isolated Unsettles balance of power European global expansion By 1900s, few parts of the world were available for Western seizure Latin America independent Africa controlled by Europeans China, Middle East Zones of European rivalry

V. Diplomatic Tensions and World War I A. The New Alliance System By 1907 Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France Instability Russian Revolution, 1905 Austria-Hungary Ethnic conflict Balkans Free of Ottoman control Divided by enmities 1914, assassination of Austrian archduke B. Diplomacy and Society Instability in 1800s Nationalism Political division Industrial pressures The Balkans after the Regional Wars, 1913 The Balkans before the Regional Wars, 1912