1. An action potential arrives at the

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1. An action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal causing voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open, increasing the Ca2+ permeability of the presynaptic terminal. Action potential Presynaptic terminal Ca2+ channel ACh Presynaptic terminal Acetic acid Ca2+ Synaptic vesicle 1 2. Ca2+ enters the presynaptic terminal and initiates the release of a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), from synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Synaptic cleft Choline 2 3. Diffusion of ACh across the synaptic cleft and binding of ACh to ACh receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber membrane causes an increase in the permeability of ligand-gated Na+ channels. 7 ACh Synaptic cleft Choline Acetic acid Na+ ACh 3 6 5 ACh receptor site Receptor molecule Action potential 4 Action potential 4. The increase in Na+ permeability results in depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane; once threshold has been reached a postsynaptic action potential results. Acetylcholinesterase Na+ Postsynaptic membrane 5. Once ACh is released into the synaptic cleft it binds to the receptors for ACh on the postsynaptic membrane and causes Na+ channels to open. Na+ 6. ACh is rapidly broken down in the synaptic cleft by etylcholinesterase to acetic acid and choline. 7. The choline is reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal and combined with acetic acid to form more ACh, which enters synaptic vesicles. Acetic acid is taken up by many cell types.

Action potential Ca2+ channel Presynaptic terminal Ca2+ An action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal causing voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open, increasing the Ca2+ permeability of the presynaptic terminal.

Ca2+ channel Presynaptic terminal Ca2+ ACh Ca2+ enters the presynaptic terminal and initiates the release of a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), from synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal.

Synaptic cleft Na+ ACh Receptor molecule Na+ Diffusion of ACh across the synaptic cleft and binding of ACh to ACh receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber membrane causes an increase in the permeability of ligand-gated Na+ channels.

Na+ Action potential Action potential Na+ The increase in Na+ permeability results in depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane; once threshold has been reached a postsynaptic action potential results.

ACh on the postsynaptic membrane and causes Na+ channels to open. cleft ACh receptor site Postsynaptic membrane Na+ Once ACh is released into the synaptic cleft it binds to the receptors for ACh on the postsynaptic membrane and causes Na+ channels to open.

ACh is rapidly broken down in the synaptic cleft by Choline Acetic acid ACh receptor site Acetylcholinesterase ACh is rapidly broken down in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase to acetic acid and choline.

The choline is reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal and combined ACh Acetic acid Synaptic vesicle Choline ACh Choline The choline is reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal and combined with acetic acid to form more ACh, which enters synaptic vesicles.

Acetic acid is taken up by many cell types. Choline Acetic acid Acetic acid is taken up by many cell types.