Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, MD, PhD, Spyridon Megremis, PhD, Nikolaos A

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Promising approaches for the treatment and prevention of viral respiratory illnesses Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, MD, PhD, Spyridon Megremis, PhD, Nikolaos A. Kitsioulis, MD, Olympia Vangelatou, MSc, Peter West, PhD, Paraskevi Xepapadaki, MD, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 140, Issue 4, Pages 921-932 (October 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.001 Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Viral infection cycle and antiviral medication targets. New antiviral agents have been designed to target most aspects of the viral lifecycle, including receptor binding, fusion, uncoating, translation, and replication. Examples of agents under development are listed alongside each function. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 140, 921-932DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.001) Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Vaccine types. A, Live attenuated vaccines are grown in culture to make them less virulent but can have the problem of reversion. B, Inactivated vaccines are treated with UV or formaldehyde to crosslink proteins and make them nonviable. C, Proteins can be purified, extracted, or dissolved by using detergents. D, Naked nucleic acids are also used as vaccines. E, Nanoparticle vaccines encompass natural and synthetic materials. Membranes can be used to make liposomes to contain and deliver an antigen to a target cell. F, Viruses can have nucleic acid and core protein removed to form virosomes. G, Viral proteins, such as HA stalks or antigens, can be engineered onto immunogenic core proteins (eg, ferritin or vaults). This example is HA on ferritin adapted from PBD codes 3BVE and 5C0S. H, Viruses, such as the vaccinia virus Ankara, with coat proteins and genetic material removed can be engineered to express other antigens, such as influenza M2 ion channel protein. I, VLPs can be engineered to express antigens and naturally glycosylated proteins and have adjuvants incorporated into the coat. PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern. J, Synthetic nanoparticles made from polymers (polystyrene or poly lactic-co-glycolic acid), gold, or carbon nanotubes can have peptides adsorbed, admixed, or encapsulated. Ag, Antigen. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 140, 921-932DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.001) Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions