World War I and the Russian Revolution Section 4: Making the Peace Witness History Audio: Worth Cost? Vera Brittian The Costs of War Influenza had spread among the troops at the end of the war and went home with them to their families and neighbors. The loss of lives from the flu and the war and the costs of rebuilding war-ravaged cities made some countries and colonies vulnerable to revolt. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations?” (She is unhappy with their outcome) Why do you think Brittain had this reaction? (She may have hoped that the sacrifices her loved ones made would lead to a more positive resolution.) When showing the casualty pie charts, ask, “Which two nations suffered the highest proportion of soldier deaths? Why were American casualties relatively low?” Pie Charts: Central Powers’ Casualties Pie Charts: Allied Casualties Graph: The Costs of War Note Taking Transparency 172A 1 of 9

World War I and the Russian Revolution Section 4: Making the Peace The Paris Peace Conference The Allies met in Paris to decide what the outcome of the war would be for Europe. President Wilson wanted to advance his Fourteen Points, which would bring “peace without victory.” The British Prime Minister wanted to rebuild England on a grand scale, while France’s leader wanted to see Germany punished. Note Taking Transparency 172B Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations?” (She is unhappy with their outcome) Why do you think Brittain had this reaction? (She may have hoped that the sacrifices her loved ones made would lead to a more positive resolution.) When showing the casualty pie charts, ask, “Which two nations suffered the highest proportion of soldier deaths? Why were American casualties relatively low?” The Treaty of Versailles Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which narrowed German borders and as well as saddling the country with the costs of war reparations. For a country whose economy was already reeling, the debt would prove too costly. Geography Interactive: Europe, 1914 and 1920 2 of 9

World War I and the Russian Revolution Section 4: Making the Peace The Outcome of the Peace Settlements Other treaties also went into effect. In Eastern Europe, the Allies created new nations, such as Poland and Yugoslavia. Previously German-ruled colonies in Africa and Asia were administered by other Western powers. The League of Nations was also established, although without U.S. participation. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations?” (She is unhappy with their outcome) Why do you think Brittain had this reaction? (She may have hoped that the sacrifices her loved ones made would lead to a more positive resolution.) When showing the casualty pie charts, ask, “Which two nations suffered the highest proportion of soldier deaths? Why were American casualties relatively low?” QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 3 of 9

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Pie Charts: Central Powers’ Casualties 4 of 9

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Pie Charts: Allied Casualties 5 of 9

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Graph: Financial Costs of the War 6 of 9

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Note Taking Transparency 172A 7 of 9

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Note Taking Transparency 172B 8 of 9

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 4 Progress Monitoring Transparency 9 of 9